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Birmingham Show map of Europe Location of Birmingham in the United Kingdom Coordinates:: Settlement c. 600 1166 1838 Administrative HQ, Government • Type • Body • • • Leader Vacant (Deputy Leader Ian Ward, acting) • Anne Underwood • Chief Executive (Interim) Stella Manzie Area • City 103.4 sq mi (267.8 km 2) • Urban 231.2 sq mi (598.9 km 2) Area rank Elevation 460 ft (140 m) Population (mid-2016 est.) • City 1,124,600 • Rank • Density 10,880/sq mi (4,199/km 2) • 2,440,986 () • 3,683,000 () Brummie () • Summer () () Postcode 0121 code E08000025 UKG31 00CN Ethnicity (2011 Census). List • • • • • • • • • • Website Birmingham ( ( ), locally ) is a and in the of England, standing on the small. It is the largest and outside, with an estimated population of 1,101,360 as of 2014. A medium-sized in the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the and subsequent, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology, and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern.

By 1791 it was being hailed as 'the first manufacturing town in the world'. Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham.

Its resulting high level of also fostered a culture of broad-based, that under leaders from to was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London, and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the in what is known as the. The damage done to the city's infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition and redevelopment in subsequent decades. Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a gamma+ by the; and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub.

Its is the with a of $121.1bn (2014), and its six universities make it the largest centre of in the country outside London. Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the, the, the, the and the – enjoy international reputations, and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots,, and scenes. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.

Birmingham's sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and both originating from the city. Its most successful football club has won seven league titles and one with the other professional club being.

Birmingham will host the. People from Birmingham are called, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum.

This originates from the city's dialect name,, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, Bromwicham. There is a distinctive and. Main articles:,,, and Pre-history and medieval [ ] Birmingham's early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the, the and the.

The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland and within the densely wooded and sparsely populated. There is evidence of activity in the Birmingham area dating back 10,000 years, with artefacts suggesting seasonal settlements, overnight hunting parties and woodland activities such as tree felling.

The many that can still be seen around the city indicate that first intensively settled and cultivated the area during the, when a substantial but short-lived influx of population occurred between 1700 BC and 1000 BC, possibly caused by conflict or immigration in the surrounding area. During the 1st-century, the forested country of the Birmingham Plateau formed a barrier to the advancing Roman legions, who built the large in the area of modern-day in AD 48, and made it the focus of a network of. The charters of 1166 and 1189 that established Birmingham as a and Birmingham as a settlement dates from the era. The city's name comes from the Beormingahām, meaning the home or settlement of the – indicating that Birmingham was established in the 6th or early 7th century as the primary settlement of an tribal grouping and of that name. Despite this early importance, by the time of the of 1086 the manor of Birmingham was one of the poorest and least populated in, valued at only 20, with the area of the modern city divided between the counties of Warwickshire, and.

The development of Birmingham into a significant urban and commercial centre began in 1166, when the Peter de Bermingham obtained a charter to hold a market at, and followed this with the creation of a planned and within his or manorial estate, around the site that became the. This established Birmingham as the primary commercial centre for the Birmingham Plateau at a time when the area's economy was expanding rapidly, with population growth nationally leading to the clearance, cultivation and settlement of previously marginal land. Within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years. Early modern [ ] The principal governing institutions of medieval Birmingham – including the and the of the – collapsed between 1536 and 1547, leaving the town with an unusually high degree of social and economic freedom and initiating a period of transition and growth. By 1700 Birmingham's population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birmingham's economy was recognised as early as 1538, and grew rapidly as the century progressed.

Equally significant was the town's emerging role as a centre for the who organised finance, supplied raw materials and traded and marketed the industry's products. By the 1600s Birmingham formed the commercial hub of a network of and stretching from to and its merchants were selling finished manufactured goods as far afield as the. These trading links gave Birmingham's metalworkers access to much wider markets, allowing them to diversify away from lower-skilled trades producing basic goods for local sale, towards a broader range of specialist, higher-skilled and more lucrative activities. Birmingham in 1732 By the time of the Birmingham's booming economy, its expanding population, and its resulting high levels of and, had seen it develop new social structures very different from those of more established areas. Relationships were built around pragmatic commercial linkages rather than the rigid paternalism and deference of, and loyalties to the traditional hierarchies of the and were weak.

The town's reputation for and its strongly sympathies saw it attacked by forces in the in 1643, and it developed into a centre of in the 1630s and as a haven for from the 1660s. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the cultural phenomenon now known as the. The town developed into a notable centre of,, and activity; and its leading citizens – particularly the members of the – became influential participants in the circulation of and ideas among Europe's intellectual elite. The close relationship between Enlightenment Birmingham's leading thinkers and its major manufacturers – in men like and they were often in fact the same people – made it particularly important for the exchange of knowledge between pure science and the practical world of manufacturing and technology. This created a 'chain reaction of innovation', forming a pivotal link between the earlier and the that would follow. Industrial Revolution [ ]. Birmingham's explosive industrial expansion started earlier than that of the of the, and was driven by different factors.

Instead of the of a low-paid, unskilled workforce producing a single bulk such as cotton or wool in large, mechanised units of production, Birmingham's industrial development was built on the adaptability and creativity of a highly paid workforce with a strong, practising a broad variety of skilled specialist trades and producing a constantly diversifying range of products, in a highly economy of small, often self-owned workshops. This led to exceptional levels of inventiveness: between 1760 and 1850 – the core years of the – Birmingham residents registered over three times as many as those of any other British town or city. The demand for to feed rapid economic expansion also saw Birmingham grow into a major with extensive international connections. Was founded in the town in 1765, and, the world's first, in 1775.

By 1800 the West Midlands had more banking offices per head than any other region in Britain, including London. The of 1765 – pioneer of the and the Innovation in 18th-century Birmingham often took the form of incremental series of small-scale improvements to existing products or processes, but also included major developments that lay at the heart of the emergence of. In 1709 the Birmingham-trained moved to in and built the first to successfully smelt iron ore with, transforming the quality, volume and scale on which it was possible to produce. In 1732 and invented, the 'one novel idea of the first importance' in the development of the.

Readwrite Arabic 1 3 Serial Killer. In 1741 they opened the in Birmingham's Upper Priory. In 1746 invented the, enabling the large-scale manufacture of, and in 1780 developed a process for the bulk manufacture of, together marking the birth of the modern. In 1765 opened the, pioneering the combination and mechanisation under one roof of previously separate manufacturing activities through a system known as 'rational manufacture'. As the largest manufacturing unit in Europe this come to symbolise the emergence of the. Most significant, however, was the development in 1776 of the by and. Freeing for the first time the manufacturing capacity of human society from the limited availability of hand, water and animal power, this was arguably the pivotal moment of the entire and a key factor in the worldwide increases in productivity that would follow over the following century. Regency and Victorian [ ].

Addressing a 200,000-strong meeting of the during the, 1832 Birmingham rose to national political prominence in the campaign for political reform in the early 19th century, with and the bringing the country to the brink of civil war during the that preceded the passing of the in 1832. The Union's meetings on in 1831 and 1832 were the largest political assemblies Britain had ever seen., who drafted the Act, wrote that 'the country owed Reform to Birmingham, and its salvation from revolution'. This reputation for having 'shaken the fabric of privilege to its base' in 1832 led to make Birmingham the platform for his successful campaign for the of 1867, which extended voting rights to the urban working class. Birmingham's tradition of innovation continued into the 19th century.

Birmingham was the terminus for both of the world's first two long-distance railway lines: the 82 mile of 1837 and the 112 mile of 1838. Birmingham schoolteacher invented the and created the first modern universal in 1839. Invented the first man-made in the in 1855. By the 1820s, an had been constructed, giving greater access to natural resources and fuel for industries. During the, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly to well over half a million and Birmingham became the second largest population centre in England. Birmingham was granted in 1889 by., mayor of Birmingham and later an MP, and his son, who was Lord Mayor of Birmingham and later the British Prime Minister, are two of the most well-known political figures who have lived in Birmingham. The city established in 1900.

20th century and contemporary [ ]. Destruction of the during the, 1940 Birmingham suffered heavy bomb damage during 's '. The city was also the scene of two scientific discoveries that were to prove critical to the outcome of the war. And first described how a practical could be constructed in the of 1940, the same year that the, the key component of and later of, was invented by and. Details of these two discoveries, together with an outline of the first invented by in nearby, were taken to the United States by the in September 1940, in a single black box later described by an official American historian as 'the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores'. The city was extensively redeveloped during the 1950s and 1960s. This included the construction of large estates, such as.

The was reconstructed and was redeveloped. In the decades following World War II, the ethnic makeup of Birmingham changed significantly, as it received waves of immigration from the and beyond. The city's population peaked in 1951 at 1,113,000 residents. World leaders meet in Birmingham for the Birmingham remained by far Britain's most prosperous provincial city as late as the 1970s, with household incomes exceeding even those of London and the South East, but its economic diversity and capacity for regeneration declined in the decades that followed World War II as sought to restrict the city's growth and disperse industry and population to the stagnating areas of Wales and. These measures hindered 'the natural self-regeneration of businesses in Birmingham, leaving it top-heavy with the old and infirm', and the city became increasingly dependent on the. The saw Birmingham's economy collapse, with unprecedented levels of unemployment and in inner-city districts.

In recent years, many parts of Birmingham have been transformed, with the redevelopment of the and regeneration of old industrial areas such as, and the. Old streets, buildings and canals have been restored, the pedestrian subways have been removed and the has been rationalised. In 1998 Birmingham hosted the. The city will serve as host of the. Government [ ].

The, headquarters of is the largest [ ] local authority in Europe with 120 representing 40. Its headquarters are at the in. As of 2017, the council has a majority and was led by, replacing the previous / coalition at the May 2012 elections, until Clancy's resignation on 11 Septemebr 2017. The honour and dignity of a was conferred on Birmingham by on 3 June 1896. Birmingham's ten are represented in the as of 2017 by one and nine. In the the city forms part of the, which elects six. Birmingham was originally part of, but expanded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, absorbing parts of to the south and to the north and west.

The city absorbed in 1974 and became a metropolitan borough in the new. Until 1986, the was based in. Since 2011, Birmingham has formed part of the along with neighbouring authorities,,,,,,,.

A top-level government body, the, was formed in April 2016. The WMCA holds devolved powers in transport, development planning, and economic growth. The authority is governed by a, similar to the. Geography [ ]. Birmingham and the wider seen from the at night from the south west Birmingham is located in the centre of the of England on the – an area of relatively high ground, ranging between 500 and 1,000 feet (150 and 300 metres) and crossed by Britain's main north-south between the basins of the Rivers and.

To the south west of the city lie the, and, which reach 1,033 feet (315 m) and have extensive views over the city. Birmingham is drained only by minor rivers and brooks, primarily the and its tributaries the and the. The City of Birmingham forms a with the largely residential borough of to the south east, and with the city of and the industrial towns of the to the north west, which form the covering 59,972 ha (600 km 2; 232 sq mi). Surrounding this is Birmingham's – the area to which it is closely economically tied through – which includes the former capital of and the cathedral city of in Staffordshire to the north; the industrial city of and the towns of, and to the east; and the towns of and to the south west. Much of the area now occupied by the city was originally a northern reach of the ancient, whose former presence can still be felt in the city's dense tree-cover and in the large number of districts such as,,, and with names ending in '-ley': the -lēah meaning 'woodland clearing'. View across the city from the, with in the foreground Geology [ ] Geologically, Birmingham is dominated by the Birmingham Fault which runs diagonally through the city from the in the south west, passing through and the, to and in the north east.

To the south and east of the fault the ground is largely softer, interspersed with beds of and crossed by the valleys of the Rivers, and and their tributaries. To the north and west of the fault, between 150 and 600 feet (46 and 183 metres) higher than the surrounding area and underlying much of the city centre, lies a long ridge of harder.

The bedrock underlying Birmingham was mostly laid down during the and periods. Climate [ ] Birmingham has a, like much of the British Isles, with average maximum temperatures in summer (July) being around 21.3 °C (70.3 °F); and in winter (January) around 6.7 °C (44.1 °F). Between 1971 and 2000 the warmest day of the year on average was 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) and the coldest night typically fell to −9.0 °C (15.8 °F). Some 11.2 days each year rose to a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above and 51.6 nights reported an air frost. The highest recorded temperature, set during August 1990, was 34.9 °C (94.8 °F). Like most other large cities, Birmingham has a considerable effect. During the coldest night recorded, 14 January 1982, the temperature fell to −20.8 °C (−5.4 °F) at on the city's eastern edge, but just −12.9 °C (8.8 °F) at, near the city centre.

Birmingham is a snowy city relative to other large UK conurbations, due to its inland location and comparatively high elevation. Between 1961 and 1990 averaged 13.0 days of snow lying annually, compared to 5.33. Snow showers often pass through the city via the on north westerly airstreams, but can also come off the from north easterly airstreams. Extreme weather is rare but the city has been known to experience – the most recent being in in the south of the city, damaging homes and businesses in the area.

There are 571 parks within Birmingham – more than any other European city – totalling over 3,500 hectares (14 sq mi) of public open space. The city has over six million trees, and 250 miles (400 kilometres) of urban brooks and streams., which covers 2,400 acres (971 ha) in the north of the city, is the largest urban park in Europe and a., located close to the city centre, retains the landscape of its original design by in 1829, while the in reflects the more informal tastes of its origins. Birmingham has many areas of wildlife that lie in both informal settings such as the and and in a selection of parks such as,,, and, the latter also housing the. Demography [ ]. Historical population of Birmingham, between 1651-2011 The 2012 mid-year estimate for the population of Birmingham was 1,085,400. This was an increase of 11,200, or 1.0%, since the same time in 2011.

Since 2001, the population has grown by 99,500, or 10.1%. Birmingham is the largest local Authority area and city in the UK outside of London. The population density is 10,391 inhabitants per square mile (4,102/km²) compared to the 976.9 inhabitants per square mile (377.2/km²) for England.

Based on the, Birmingham's population is projected to reach 1,160,100 by 2021, an increase of 8.0%. This compares with an estimated rate of 9.1% for the previous decade. The had a population of 2,441,00 (2011 est.,), and 2,762,700 people live in the (2012 est.,).

1.0% Source: 2011 Census According to figures from the, 57.9% of the population was (53.1%, 2.1%, 2.7% ), 4.4% of (2.3% White and Black Caribbean, 0.3% White and Black African, 1.0% White and Asian, 0.8% Other Mixed), 26.6% (13.5%, 6.0%, 3.0%, 1.2%, 2.9% Other Asian), 8.9% (2.8% African, 4.4%, 1.7% ), 1.0% and 1.0% of other ethnic heritage. 57% of primary and 52% of secondary pupils are from non-White British families. 238,313 Birmingham residents were born overseas, of these, 44% (103,682) have been resident in the UK for less than ten years. Countries new to the twenty most reported countries of birth for Birmingham residents since 2001 include;,, the and.

Established migrants outnumbered newer migrants in all wards except for, Edgbaston, Ladywood, Nechells and Selly Oak. In Birmingham, 60.4% of the population was aged between 16-74, compared to 66.7% in England as a whole. There are generally more females than males in each single year of age, except for the youngest ages (0–18) and late-30s and late-50s. Females represented 51.6% of the population whilst men represented 48.4%. The differences are most marked in the oldest age group reflecting greater female longevity, where more women were 70 or over.

The bulge around the early-20s is due largely to students coming to the city's universities. Children around age ten are a relatively small group, reflecting the decline in birth rates around the turn of the century. There is a large group of children under the age of five which reflecting high numbers of births in recent years.

Births are up 20% since 2001, increasing from 14,427 to 17,423 in 2011. In 2011, of all households in Birmingham, 0.12% were same-sex households, compared to the English national average of 0.16%. 25.9% of all households owned their accommodation outright, another 29.3% owned their accommodation with a mortgage or loan. These figures were below the national average. 45.5% of people said they were in very good health which was below the national average.

Another 33.9% said they were in good health, which was also below the national average. 9.1% of people said their day-to-day activities were limited a lot by their health which was higher than the national average. The Birmingham, a measure of the functional city-region approximated to local government districts, has a population of 2,357,100 in 2004. In addition to Birmingham itself, the LUZ includes the Metropolitan Boroughs of,, and, along with the districts of,, and. Religion [ ].

0.2% Source: 2011 Census is the largest religion within Birmingham, with 46.1% of residents identifying as Christians in the. The city's religious profile is highly diverse, however: outside London, Birmingham has the United Kingdom's largest, and communities; its second largest community; and its seventh largest community. Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the proportion of Christians in Birmingham decreased from 59.1% to 46.1%, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 14.3% to 21.8% and the proportion of people with no religious affiliation increased from 12.4% to 19.3%. All other religions remained proportionately similar.

Was upgraded from church status when the was created in 1905. There are two other cathedrals:, seat of the and the. The is also based at Birmingham, with a cathedral under construction.

The original parish church of Birmingham,, is. A short distance from the was completed in 1910 on the site of 's original foundation. The oldest surviving synagogue in Birmingham is the 1825, now a ' Lodge hall.

It was replaced in 1856 by the., one of the largest in Europe, was constructed in the 1960s. During the late 1990s was built in.

The Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha was built on Soho Road in Handsworth in the late 1970s and the Dhammatalaka near in the 1990s. Also maintains physical presence in.

At the heart of Birmingham's Business District, is traditionally the most prestigious business address in the city. Birmingham grew to prominence as a manufacturing and engineering centre, but its economy today is dominated by the, which in 2012 accounted for 88% of the city's employment. Birmingham is the largest centre in Great Britain for employment in, and; and after the second largest centre outside London for employment in. It is ranked as a by the, the third highest ranking in the country after and, and its wider is the with a of $121.1bn (2014 est., ).

Major companies headquartered in Birmingham include the engineering company, and including the wider metropolitan area the city has the largest concentration of major companies outside London and the South East. With major facilities such as the and Birmingham attracts 42% of the UK's total conference and exhibition trade. The, made by at Manufacturing accounted for 8% of employment within Birmingham in 2012, a figure beneath the average for the UK as a whole. Major industrial plants within the city include in and in, with large local producers also supporting a of precision-based small manufacturers and craft industries.

More traditional industries also remain: 40% of the made in the UK is still produced by the 300 independent manufacturers of the city's, continuing a trade first recorded in Birmingham in 1308. Nominal GVA for Birmingham 2010–2015. Note 2015 is provisional Year GVA (£ million) Growth (%) 2010 20,795 02.1% 2011 21,424 03.0% 2012 21,762 01.6% 2013 22,644 04.1% 2014 23,583 04.2% 2015 24,790 05.2% Birmingham's was £24.8bn (2015 est.,), economic growth accelerated each successive year between 2013 and 2015, and with an annual growth of 4.2% in 2015, GVA per head grew at the second fastest rate of England's eight 'Core Cities'. The value of manufacturing output in the city declined by 21% in real terms between 1997 and 2010, but the value of financial and insurance activities more than doubled. With 16,281 registered during 2013 Birmingham has the highest level of entrepreneurial activity outside London, while the number of registered businesses in the city grew by 8.1% during 2016. Birmingham was behind only and for private sector job creation between 2010 and 2013.

Economic inequality within Birmingham is greater than in any other major English city, and is exceeded only by in the United Kingdom. Levels of unemployment are among the highest in the country, with 10.0% of the economically active population unemployed (Jun 2016). In the inner-city wards of Aston and Washwood Heath, the figure is higher than 30%. Two-fifths of Birmingham's population live in areas classified as in the 10% most deprived parts of England, and overall Birmingham is the most deprived local authority in England in terms of income and employment deprivation. The city's infant mortality rate is high, around 60% worse than the national average. Meanwhile, just 49% of women have jobs, compared to 65% nationally, and only 28% of the working-age population in Birmingham have degree level qualifications in contrast to the average of 34% across other Core Cities.

According to the 2014, Birmingham was placed 51st in the world in, which was the second highest rating in the UK. This is an improvement on the city's 56th place in 2008. The aims to move the city into the index's top 20 by 2026.

An area of the city has been designated an, with tax relief and simplified planning to lure investment. Pioneers of During the 1960s Birmingham was the home of a music scene comparable to that of. Although it produced no single band as big as it was 'a seething cauldron of musical activity', and the international success of groups such as,,, and the had a collective influence that stretched into the 1970s and beyond. The city was the birthplace of, with pioneering metal bands from the late 1960s and 1970s such as,, and half of having come from Birmingham. The next decade saw the influential metal bands and arise from the city. Birmingham was the birthplace of modern in the 1960s, and by the 1980s had established itself as the global centre of bhangra culture, which has grown into a global phenomenon embraced by members of the worldwide from to.

The 1970s also saw the rise of and in the city with such bands as,,, and, expounding racial unity with politically leftist lyrics and multiracial line-ups, mirroring social currents in Birmingham at that time. Other popular bands from Birmingham include,,,,,,, and. Musicians,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and all grew up in the city.

Since 2012 the -based scene has attracted widespread attention, led by bands such as and, with the comparing Digbeth to London's, and writing in 2012 that 'Birmingham is fast becoming the best place in the UK to look to for the most exciting new music'. Theatre and performing arts [ ].

The, home stage of the, is the busiest single theatre in the United Kingdom. Is Britain's longest-established, presenting a wide variety of work in its three auditoria on and touring nationally and internationally. Other producing theatres in the city include the in the; the, home stage of the; and, the base of the experimental theatre company, located within a working metal fabricators' factory. Touring include the politically radical, the and. The and the host large-scale touring productions, while professional drama is performed on a wide range of stages across the city, including the, the, the, in and the in.

The is one of the United Kingdom's five major and one of three based outside London. It is resident at the and tours extensively nationally and internationally. The company's associated ballet school – in – is the oldest vocational dance school in the country. The under artistic director has developed an international reputation for its productions, which often take place in factories, abandoned buildings and other around the city.

In 2010 it was described by as 'far and away the most powerful example that I've experienced in this country of how and why opera can still matter.' More conventional seasons by and other visiting opera companies take place regularly at the. Literature [ ].

Literary figures associated with Birmingham include who stayed in Birmingham for a short period and was born in nearby. Worked in the Aston area of Birmingham whilst poet lived in Birmingham for six years.

It was whilst staying in Birmingham that American author produced several of his most famous literary works, such as Bracebridge Hall and The Humorists, A Medley which are based on Aston Hall. The poet grew up in the Harborne area of the city and during the 1930s formed the core of the with Birmingham University lecturer. Other influential poets associated with Birmingham include, who was the city's sixth poet laureate, and, who was born in the city. The author was brought up in Birmingham.

The award-winning political playwright was born in Birmingham, and the science fiction author spent his early childhood in the area of the city, as did Dame. [ ] Birmingham has a vibrant contemporary literary scene, with local authors including,,, and. The city's leading contemporary literary publisher is the, whose authors include prize-winning novelists, and. Birmingham is the home of, launched in 1971 (although there were earlier incarnations in the 1940s and 1960s) and which organises the annual science fiction event. Art and design [ ].

Rhyl Sands (ca. 1854), Oil on Canvas, by depicting, Wales The of emerged with in the 1760s and was to last into the mid 19th century. Its most important figure was, whose later works make him an important precursor of. The influence of the and the made Birmingham an important centre of Victorian art, particularly within the and movements. Major figures included the and;, the first of the painters; and, leader of the group of artists and craftsmen known as the. The were among the 'harbingers of surrealism' in Britain in the 1930s and the movement's most active members in the 1940s, while more abstract artists associated with the city included -born and member. Birmingham artists were prominent in several post-war developments in art: was among the central figures in the birth of; was the only major European figure among the pioneers of; and the used painting, collage and multimedia to examine the politics and culture of identity.

Contemporary artists from the city include the winner and the Turner Prize shortlisted, and. Birmingham's role as a manufacturing and printing centre has supported strong local traditions of and.

Iconic works by Birmingham designers include the font,, the whistle, the Art Deco branding of the and the. Museums and galleries [ ]. Birmingham has two major public art collections. Is best known for its works by the, a collection 'of outstanding importance'.

It also holds a significant selection of – including major works by,, and – and particularly strong collections of 17th-century and English. Its design holdings include Europe's pre-eminent collections of and fine. The in is one of the finest small art galleries in the world, with a collection of exceptional quality representing from the 13th century to the present day. Runs other museums in the city including,, the, and. The are the last surviving court of back-to-back houses in the city.

Is a museum showing visitors the stages and steps of chocolate production and the and. The hosts displays of contemporary art, as does. Is Birmingham's main, with a giant screen cinema, a and a collection that includes the, the world's oldest working.

Other science-based museums include the in, the at the and the environmental education centre in. Nightlife and festivals [ ]. An influential music venue since the 1960s Nightlife in Birmingham is mainly concentrated along and into. Although in more recent years Broad St has lost its popularity due to the closing of several clubs, the Arcadian now has more popularity in terms of nightlife. Outside the Broad Street area are many stylish and underground venues.

The in the,, Rainbow Pub and Air are large clubs and bars in. Around the are areas such as the Arcadian and, that abound with bars and clubs. Summer Row,, in Bristol Street, Snobs Nightclub, St Philips/Colmore Row, St Paul's Square and the all have a vibrant night life.

There are a number of late night pubs in the. Outside the city centre is entertainment complex on the former site of Power Station.

Birmingham's St Patrick's Day parade is the largest in Europe outside Dublin, and the city's largest single-day event Birmingham is home to many national, religious and spiritual festivals including a party. The is a long-standing military show held annually at the National Indoor Arena. The -style takes place in odd numbered years. The UK’s largest two-day Gay Pride is (LGBT festival), which is typically held over the spring bank holiday weekend in May. The streets of Birmingham's gay district pulsate with a carnival parade, live music, a dance arena with DJs, cabaret stage, women's arena and a community village. Takes place in the.

From 1997 until December 2006, the city hosted an annual arts festival, the largest free arts festival in the UK at the time. The city's largest single-day event is its parade (Europe's second largest, after ). Other multicultural events include the Bangla Mela and the Vaisakhi Mela.

The Birmingham Heritage Festival is a style event in August. And are celebrated with and street performances. Other festivals in the city include the Birmingham International Jazz Festival,'Party in the Park' was originally a festival hosted by local and regional radio stations which died down in 2007 and has now been brought back to life as an unsigned festival for regional unsigned acts to showcase themselves in a one-day music festival for the whole family. Birmingham Comedy Festival (since 2001; 10 days in October), which has been headlined by such acts as,,, and, and the Off The Cuff Festival established in 2009.

The biennial International Dance Festival Birmingham started in 2008, organised by DanceXchange and involving indoor and outdoor venues across the city. Since 2001, Birmingham has also been host to the. Modelled on its, it has grown to become the UK's largest outdoor and is the largest German market outside of Germany and Austria, attracting over 3.1 million visitors in 2010 and over 5 million visitors in 2011. Entertainment and leisure [ ] Birmingham is home to many entainment and leisure venues.

It is home to Europe's largest leisure and entertainment complex as well as Europe's first out-of-city-centre entertainment and leisure complex owned by the. Which caters for more affluent clients is based within the city. Dialect [ ] The local dialect is called. Architecture [ ].

In Birmingham's characteristic Victorian Birmingham is chiefly a product of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries; its growth began during the. Consequently, relatively few buildings survive from its earlier history and those that do are protected. There are 1,946 in and thirteen. Birmingham City Council also operate a locally listing scheme for buildings that do not fully meet the criteria for statutorily listed status. Traces of Birmingham can be seen in the oldest churches, notably the original,. A few other buildings from the medieval and survive, among them the and, the 15th century public house and Old Grammar School in and. A number of buildings survive, including,,, the and much of.

The saw extensive building across the city. Major civic buildings such as the (in characteristic ), the and the were constructed. Was the first Roman Catholic cathedral to be built in the UK since the. Across the city, the need to house the industrial workers gave rise to miles of redbrick streets and terraces, many of, some of which were later to become inner-city. By architects Postwar redevelopment and anti-Victorianism resulted in the loss of dozens of Victorian buildings like and the old, often replaced by architecture. Sir, City Engineer and Surveyor of Birmingham from 1935 until 1963, believed conservation of old buildings was sentimental and that the city did not have any of worth anyway. In inner-city areas too, much Victorian housing was demolished and.

Existing communities were relocated to like. In a partial reaction against the Manzoni years, Birmingham City Council is demolishing some of the brutalist buildings like the Central Library and has an extensive tower block demolition and renovation programme. There has been much redevelopment in the city centre in recent years, including the award-winning ' building in the, the regeneration project, the science and technology centre, and the refurbishment of the iconic building. Funding for many of these projects has come from the; the Town Hall for example received £3 million in funding from the. Highrise development has slowed since the 1970s and mainly in recent years because of enforcements imposed by the on the heights of buildings as they could affect aircraft from the Airport (e.g. The, where the meets the, is the original.

Partly because of its central location, Birmingham is a major transport hub on the motorway, rail and networks. The city is served by the,,, and motorways, and probably the best known motorway junction in the UK:. The M6 passes through the city on the, which at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) is the longest bridge in the United Kingdom., located 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the city centre in the neighbouring borough of, is the by passenger traffic in the United Kingdom and the third busiest outside the London area after and.

It is the largest base for, Europe's largest regional airline, and a major base for, and previously. [ ] Airline services exist to many destinations in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Is the largest and busiest in the United Kingdom outside London is the in the United Kingdom outside London, both for passenger entries and exits and for passenger interchanges. It is the national hub for, the most extensive long-distance train network in Britain, and a major destination for services from, and. And form the northern termini for express trains running from. Local and regional services are operated from all of Birmingham's stations.

Is planned to be the northern terminus for phase 1 of the rail link from London, due to open in 2026. The headquarters are located in, in offices above, which forms the national hub of the company's coach network. Trams on the Local public transport in Birmingham is co-ordinated. TfWM's network includes the busiest urban rail system in the UK outside London, with 122 million passenger entries and exits per annum; the busiest urban bus system outside London, with 300.2 million passenger journeys per annum; and the, a system which operates between and via, and. Bus routes are mainly operated by, which accounts for over 80% of all bus journeys in Birmingham, though there are around 50 other, smaller registered bus companies. The bus routes are the longest urban bus routes in Europe, being 26 miles (42 km) long with 272 bus stops. An extensive remains from the Industrial Revolution, with the city having more miles of canal than, although because Birmingham is much larger than Venice the canals are less of a prominent feature than they are in Venice.

Nowadays the canals are mainly used for leisure purposes, and canalside regeneration schemes such as have turned the canals into tourist attractions. [ ] Education [ ]. The, established by in 1902, is the oldest graduate-level in the United Kingdom. Another top business school in the city includes, one of fewer than 1% of business schools globally to be granted, and.

The, and, all now part of Birmingham City University, offer higher education in specific arts subjects. Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. Is one of the three of the; is the only study centre in Europe; and is an ecumenical serving the, the and the.

Is one of the largest colleges in the country, with fourteen campuses spread across Birmingham and into the and. Has nine campuses spread throughout the city. Is based in a £66 million, 4.2 acre campus in that opened in 2011.

Is a residential college based in a former Edwardian mansion in, founded in 1909 around a strong commitment to social justice, with many courses aimed at students with few prior formal qualifications. Is a specialist college based in offering further education to or students from all over the United Kingdom. Primary and secondary education [ ]. Is one of the largest of the 77 secondary schools in the city is England's largest, directly or indirectly responsible for 25 nursery schools, 328 primary schools, 77 secondary schools and 29.

And providing around 3,500 courses throughout the year. Most of Birmingham's are run directly by in its role as (LEA). However, there are a large number of schools within the state system.

Since the 1970s, most secondary schools in Birmingham have been 11-–-16/18 comprehensive schools, while post students have the choice of continuing their education in either a school's sixth form or at a further education college. Birmingham has always operated a primary school system of 4–7 infant and 7–11 junior schools., founded in 1552 by King Edward VI, is one of the oldest and most prestigious schools in the city, constantly setting high academic standards in and [ ] and having many notable alumni pass through its doors, such as J.R.R Tolkien, author of the Lord of the Rings books and The Hobbit. Notable independent schools in the city include the, and. The seven schools of are known nationally for setting very high academic standards and all the schools consistently achieve top positions in national league tables. Bishop Vesey's Grammar School is also a notable school founded by Bishop Vesey in 1527. [ ] Public services [ ] In Birmingham,,,,, and face cuts among other services., leader of Birmingham City Council called on the government to change radically how local services are funded and provided. It is claimed government cuts to local authorities have hit Birmingham disproportionately.

Services within Birmingham were rated 'inadequate' by for four years running between 2009 and 2013, with 20 child deaths since 2007 being investigated. In March 2014 the government announced that independent commissioner would be appointed to oversee improvements to children's services within the city. Library services [ ]. The is the new home for the largest municipal library in Europe The former, opened in 1972, was considered to be the largest municipal library in Europe. Six of its collections were by the as being 'pre-eminent collections of national and international importance', out of only eight collections to be so recognised in local authority libraries nationwide. A new in, replacing Central Library, was opened on 3 September 2013.

It was designed by the Dutch architects and has been described as 'a kind of public forum. A memorial, a shrine, to the book and to literature'. This library faces cuts, due to reduced funding from Central government. There are 41 local libraries in Birmingham, plus a regular mobile library service. The library service has 4 million visitors annually. Due to budget cuts, four of the branch libraries risk closure whilst services may be reduced elsewhere. Emergency services [ ] Law enforcement in Birmingham is carried out by, whose headquarters are at Lloyd House in Birmingham City Centre.

With 87.92 recorded offences per 1000 population in 2009–10, Birmingham's crime rate is above the average for, but lower than any of England's other major and lower than many smaller cities such as,. Fire and rescue services in Birmingham are provided by and emergency medical care. Healthcare [ ]. The in houses the largest in Europe. There are several major hospitals in Birmingham. The, adjacent to the in, houses the largest in Europe, and is also the home of the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, treating military personnel injured in conflict zones.

Other in the city include Heartlands Hospital, in and in. There are also many specialist hospitals, such as,, Birmingham Dental Hospital, and the. Birmingham saw the first ever use of in an, and the UK's first ever operation was performed. Water supply [ ] The was set up in 1876 to supply water to Birmingham, up until 1974 when its responsibilities were transferred to.

Most of Birmingham's water is supplied by the, opened in 1904; water is fed by gravity to,, and,, from, Wales. Energy from waste [ ] Within Birmingham the, a large plant built in 1996 for, burns some 366,414 tonnes of household waste annually and produces 166,230 MWh of electricity for the along with 282,013 tonnes of carbon dioxide.

Birmingham have strongly opposed the facility for contributing to climate change, causing air pollution and reducing recycling rates in the city. Vs in the at Birmingham has played an important part in the history of modern sport.

The – the world's first league competition – was founded by Birmingham resident and director, who wrote to fellow club directors in 1888 proposing 'that ten or twelve of the most prominent clubs in England combine to arrange home-and-away fixtures each season'. The modern game of was developed between 1859 and 1865 by and his friend at Perera's house in, with the remaining the oldest tennis club in the world. The is the oldest cricket league in the world, and Birmingham was the host for the first ever Cricket World Cup, a in 1973. Birmingham was the first city to be named National City of Sport by the. Birmingham was selected ahead of London and to bid for the, but was unsuccessful in the final selection process, which was won. At Today, the city is home of two of the country's oldest professional teams:, which was founded in 1874 and plays at; and, which was founded in 1875 and plays. Rivalry between the clubs is fierce and the fixture between the two is called the.

Aston Villa are 7-time and the 1982, but currently play in the following their relegation from the in the. Birmingham City also currently play in the Championship. Seven times winners play at, which also hosts and and is the largest cricket ground in the United Kingdom after. Edgbaston was the scene of the highest ever score by a batsman in, when scored 501 not out for Warwickshire in 1994. Birmingham has a professional club,, who play at, with a second professional club,, playing at in the neighbouring borough of. The city also has a club, the, who compete in the Co-operative RLC Midlands Premier League (RLC). The city is also home to one of the oldest teams in the, the.

At the Two major championship lie on the city's outskirts. Near is the headquarters of the and has hosted the more times than any other venue. The near is also a regular host of tournaments on the, including the and the. The is, alongside and, one of only three UK tennis tournaments on the.

It is played annually at the, which in 2010 announced plans for a multimillion-pound redevelopment, including a new showcase centre court and a museum celebrating the game's Birmingham origins. Hot Pics Of Mallu Serial Actresses. The in is the headquarters of, and one of only two British venues to host fixtures in the elite international. It is also the home of, which has many international athletes among its members. The hosted the and, as well as hosting the annual – the only British indoor athletics fixture to qualify as an – and a wide variety of other sporting events. The venue will host the World Indoor Athletics Championships for a second time, when they come to Birmingham in 2018.

Birmingham will host the, replacing which had to withdraw as host. Professional,,,, and also takes place within the city. ALL ENGLAND badminton also takes place in the city.

Food and drink [ ]. In Edgbaston is one of Birmingham's four restaurants Birmingham's development as a commercial town was originally based around its market for agricultural produce, established by in 1166. Despite the industrialisation of subsequent centuries this role has been retained and the remain the largest combined wholesale food markets in the country, selling meat, fish, fruit, vegetables and flowers and supplying fresh produce to restaurateurs and independent retailers from as far as 100 miles (161 km) away. Birmingham is the only English city outside London to have five restaurants: in, Turners in, Carters of and and Adam's in the city centre. Birmingham based included, and. Is currently the only brewery of any significant size. Many fine Victorian pubs and bars can still be found across the city, whilst there is also a plethora of more modern nightclubs and bars, notably along.

The food empire first began in the city and now has its headquarters in. The, a type of, was invented in the city, which has received much acclaim for the 'Balti Belt' or '. Famous food brands that originated in Birmingham include,, and. There is also a thriving independent and artisan food sector in Birmingham, encompassing microbreweries like Two Towers, and collective bakeries such as Loaf. Recent years have seen these businesses increasingly showcased at farmers markets, popular events and food festivals including Birmingham Independent Food Fair. The Electric, the oldest working cinema in the UK Birmingham has several major local newspapers – the daily and the weekly and, all owned by the. Forward (formerly Birmingham Voice) is a produced by, which is distributed to homes in the city.

Birmingham is also the hub for various national media, and the base for two regional editions (East and West Midlands). Birmingham has a long cinematic history; on Station Street is the oldest working cinema in the UK, and opened his first in during the 1920s. The largest cinema screen in the is located at in the. Birmingham has also been the location for films including of 1999, which used locations in Birmingham that were used in of 1973 to contrast the changes in the city. Headquarters of The has two facilities in the city., in the city centre, is the national headquarters of and the headquarters of and the network production centre.

These were previously located at the in. The BBC Drama Village, based in, is a production facility specialising in. Studios in Birmingham were the location for the recording of many programmes for ITV including and, until the complex was closed in 1997, and Central moved to its current Gas Street studios. These were also the main hub for, until that was moved to Manchester in 2004. Central's output from Birmingham now consists of only the West and East editions of the regional news programme. The city is served by numerous national and regional radio stations, as well as local radio stations.

These include &,,,, and. The city also has a scene, with stations including,, Switch Radio, Raaj FM, and Unity FM., the world's longest running radio soap, is recorded in Birmingham for. • Berg, Maxine (1991).. In Berg, Maxine.. London: Routledge. Retrieved 27 November 2011. • (1965) [1963]...

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Birmingham: the hidden history. Stroud: Tempus Publishing.. • Holt, Richard (1986).

The early history of the town of Birmingham, 1166–1600. Dugdale Society Occasional Papers. Oxford: Printed for the Dugdale Society by D.

Stanford, Printer to the University.. • Hopkins, Eric (1989). Birmingham: The First Manufacturing Town in the World, 1760–1840. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson..

• Jones, Peter M. Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820. Manchester: Manchester University Press.. • Leather, Peter (2001). A brief history of Birmingham. Studley: Brewin Books.. • Uglow, Jenny (2011) [2002]..

London: Faber & Faber.. Retrieved 27 April 2014. • Ward, Roger (2005). City-state and nation: Birmingham's political history, 1830–1940. Chichester: Phillimore.. External links [ ].