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• • • Capitalism is an and an based on of the and their operation for. Characteristics central to capitalism include,,,, a and. In a capitalist, decision-making and investment are determined by the owners of the means of production in and, whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.,,, and have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include or capitalism, and. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition and state-sanctioned. The degree of in markets, the role of and regulation and the scope of state ownership vary across different.

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The extent to which different markets are free, as well as the rules defining private property, are matters of politics and. Most existing capitalist economies are, which combine elements of free markets with state intervention and in some cases. Have existed under many, in many different times, places and cultures. However, the development of capitalist societies marked by a universalization of -based social relations, a consistently large and system-wide and a capitalist class which dominates control of wealth and political power developed in in a process that led to the.

Have since become dominant in the and continue to spread. Capitalism has been criticized for establishing power in the hands of a minority capitalist class that exists through the exploitation of a working class majority; for prioritizing profit over social good, natural resources and the environment; and for being an engine of inequality and economic instabilities. Supporters argue that it provides better products through competition, creates strong economic growth, yields productivity and prosperity that greatly benefits society, as well as being the most efficient system known for allocation of resources. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology [ ] Other terms sometimes used for capitalism: • • • Free enterprise • Free enterprise economy • • Free market economy • • • • • Self-regulating market • Profits system The term 'capitalist', meaning an owner of, appears earlier than the term 'capitalism' and it dates back to the mid-17th century. 'Capitalism' is derived from capital, which evolved from capitale, a late word based on caput, meaning 'head' – also the origin of and in the sense of movable property (only much later to refer only to livestock).

Capitale emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries in the sense of referring to funds, stock of merchandise, sum of money or money carrying interest. By 1283, it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm and it was frequently interchanged with a number of other words – wealth, money, funds, goods, assets, property and so on. The Hollandische Mercurius uses capitalists in 1633 and 1654 to refer to owners of capital. In French, referred to capitalistes in 1788, six years before its first recorded English usage by in his work Travels in France (1792). In his (1817), referred to 'the capitalist' many times., an English poet, used 'capitalist' in his work Table Talk (1823).

Used the term 'capitalist' in his first work, (1840), to refer to the owners of capital. Used the term 'capitalist' in his 1845 work. The initial usage of the term 'capitalism' in its modern sense has been attributed to in 1850 ('What I call 'capitalism' that is to say the appropriation of capital by some to the exclusion of others') and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1861 ('Economic and social regime in which capital, the source of income, does not generally belong to those who make it work through their labour'). And referred to the 'capitalistic system' and to the 'capitalist mode of production' in (1867). The use of the word 'capitalism' in reference to an economic system appears twice in Volume I of The Capital, p. 124 (German edition) and in Theories of Surplus Value, tome II, p. 493 (German edition).

Marx did not extensively use the form capitalism, but instead those of capitalist and capitalist mode of production, which appear more than 2,600 times in the trilogy The Capital. According to the (OED), the term 'capitalism' first appeared in English in 1854 in the novel by novelist, where he meant 'having ownership of capital'. Also according to the OED,, a and, used the phrase 'private capitalism' in 1863. Main article: has existed incipiently on a small scale for centuries, in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities, and occasionally as small-scale industry with some wage labour. Simple exchange, and consequently simple commodity production, which are the initial basis for the growth of capital from trade, have a very long history. The 'capitalistic era' according to Karl Marx dates from 16th century merchants and small urban workshops. Marx knew that wage labour existed on a modest scale for centuries before capitalist industry.

Early Islam promulgated capitalist economic policies, which migrated to Europe through trade partners from cities such as Venice. Capitalism in its modern form can be traced to the emergence of agrarian capitalism and mercantilism in the. Thus for much of history, capital and commercial trade existed, but it did not lead to industrialisation or dominate the production process of society. That required a set of conditions, including specific technologies of mass production, the ability to independently and privately own and trade in means of production, a class of workers willing to sell their for a living, a framework promoting commerce, a physical infrastructure allowing the circulation of goods on a large scale, and security for private accumulation. Many of these conditions do not currently exist in many countries, although there is plenty of capital and labour. Thus, the obstacles for the development of capitalist markets are less technical and more social, cultural and political. Agrarian capitalism [ ] The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th-century England; the had broken down, and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates.

Instead of a -based system of labor, workers were increasingly employed as part of a broader and expanding money-based economy. The system put pressure on both landlords and tenants to increase the productivity of agriculture to make profit; the weakened coercive power of the to extract peasant encouraged them to try better methods, and the tenants also had incentive to improve their methods, in order to flourish in a competitive. Terms of rent for land were becoming subject to economic market forces rather than to the previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation. By the early 17th-century, England was a centralized state in which much of the feudal order of had been swept away.

This centralization was strengthened by a good system of roads and by a disproportionately large capital city,. The capital acted as a central market hub for the entire country, creating a very large internal market for goods, contrasting with the fragmented feudal holdings that prevailed in most parts of the.

Mercantilism [ ]. A painting of a French seaport from 1638 at the height of The economic doctrine prevailing from the 16th to the 18th centuries is commonly called. This period, the, was associated with the geographic exploration of the foreign lands by merchant traders, especially from England and the. Mercantilism was a system of trade for profit, although commodities were still largely produced by non-capitalist methods. Most scholars consider the era of merchant capitalism and mercantilism as the origin of modern capitalism, although argued that the hallmark of capitalism is the establishment of generalized markets for what he called the 'fictitious commodities:' land, labor, and money. Accordingly, he argued that 'not until 1834 was a competitive labor market established in England, hence industrial capitalism as a social system cannot be said to have existed before that date. After the, which began rule in India England began a large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the (1558–1603).

A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through 's argument England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure. It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664. European, backed by state controls, subsidies, and, made most of their profits by buying and selling goods. In the words of, the purpose of mercantilism was 'the opening and well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufacturers; the banishing of idleness; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws; the improvement and husbanding of the soil; the regulation of prices.'

The and the inaugurated an expansive era of commerce and trade. These companies were characterized by their and powers given to them by nation-states. During this era, merchants, who had traded under the previous stage of mercantilism, invested capital in the East India Companies and other colonies, seeking a. Industrial capitalism [ ]. A: the fuelled primarily by propelled the in In the mid-18th century, a new group of economic theorists, led by and, challenged fundamental doctrines such as the belief that the world's wealth remained constant and that a state could only increase its wealth at the expense of another state. During the, industrialists replaced merchants as a dominant factor in the capitalist system and affected the decline of the traditional handicraft skills of, guilds, and. Also during this period, the surplus generated by the rise of commercial agriculture encouraged increased mechanization of agriculture.

Industrial capitalism marked the development of the system of manufacturing, characterized by a complex between and within work process and the routine of work tasks; and finally established the global domination of the capitalist mode of production. Britain also abandoned its policy, as embraced by mercantilism. In the 19th century, and, who based their beliefs on the, initiated a movement to lower tariffs. In the 1840s, Britain adopted a less protectionist policy, with the repeal of the and the. Britain reduced and, in line with David Ricardo's advocacy for. Modern capitalism [ ].

The formed the financial basis of the international economy from 1870–1914 Capitalism was carried across the world by broader processes of and, by the end of the 18th century, became the dominant global economic system, in turn intensifying processes of economic and other globalization. Later, in the 20th century, capitalism overcame a challenge by and is now the encompassing system worldwide, with the being its dominant form in the industrialized Western world. Allowed cheap production of household items using, while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by 18th-century. After the and and the completion of British conquest of India, vast populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. Also in this period, areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were incorporated into the world system. Meanwhile, the conquest of new parts of the globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by Europeans yielded valuable natural resources such as, and and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and the United States.

The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914. In this period, the global financial system was mainly tied to the. The first formally adopted this standard in 1821. Soon to follow were in 1853, in 1865, the and Germany ( ) in 1873. New technologies, such as the, the, the, the and allowed goods and information to move around the world at an unprecedented degree.

The New York (1963) In the period following the global depression of the 1930s, the state played an increasingly prominent role in the capitalistic system throughout much of the world. The postwar boom ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and the situation was worsened by the rise of., a modification of Keynesianism that is more compatible with laissez-faire, gained increasing prominence in the capitalist world, especially under the leadership of in the U.S. And in the UK in the 1980s. Public and political interest began shifting away from the so-called concerns of Keynes's managed capitalism to a focus on individual choice, called 'remarketized capitalism'.

According to Harvard academic a new genus of capitalism, monetizes data acquired through. She states it was first discovered and consolidated at, emerged due to the 'coupling of the vast powers of the with the radical indifference and intrinsic narcissism of the and its vision that have dominated commerce for at least three decades, especially in the Anglo economies' and depends on the global architecture of computer mediation which produces a distributed and largely uncontested new expression of power she calls 'Big Other'. Relationship to democracy [ ]. Many analysts [ ] assert that is one of the main examples of in the 21st century The relationship between and capitalism is a contentious area in theory and in popular political movements. The extension of universal adult male in 19th century Britain occurred along with the development of industrial capitalism, and democracy became widespread at the same time as capitalism, leading capitalists to posit a causal or mutual relationship between them. However, in the 20th century, according to some authors, capitalism also accompanied a variety of political formations quite distinct from liberal democracies, including regimes, absolute monarchies, and single-party states.

Democratic peace theory asserts that democracies seldom fight other democracies, but critics of that theory suggest that this may be because of political similarity or stability rather than because they are democratic or capitalist. Moderate critics argue that though economic growth under capitalism has led to democracy in the past, it may not do so in the future, as regimes have been able to manage economic growth without making concessions to greater political freedom. One of the biggest supporters of the idea that capitalism promotes political freedom, Milton Friedman, argues that competitive capitalism allows economic and political power to be separate, ensuring that they do not clash with one another. This idea has been challenged given the current influence capitalist lobbying has had on policy in the United States. The approval of, has led people to question the very idea that competitive capitalism promotes political freedom. The ruling on Citizens United allows corporations to spend undisclosed and unregulated amounts of money on political campaigns, shifting outcomes to the interests and undermining true democracy.

As explained in Robin Hahnel’s writings, the centerpiece of the ideological defense of the free market system is the concept of economic freedom, and that supporters equate economic democracy with economic freedom and claim that only the free market system can provide economic freedom. According to Hahnel, there are a few objections to the premise that capitalism offers freedom through economic freedom. These objections are guided by critical questions about who or what decides whose freedoms are more protected. Often, the question of inequality is brought up when discussing how well capitalism promotes democracy. An argument that could stand is that economic growth can lead to inequality given that capital can be acquired at different rates by different people. In, of the asserts that inequality is the inevitable consequence of economic growth in a capitalist economy and the resulting can destabilize democratic societies and undermine the ideals of social justice upon which they are built., (except for ), and other argue that capitalism is incompatible with democracy since capitalism according to Marx entails 'dictatorship of the ' (owners of the means of production) while democracy entails rule by the people. [ ] States with capitalistic economic systems have thrived under political regimes deemed to be authoritarian or oppressive.

Singapore has a successful open market economy as a result of its competitive, business-friendly climate and robust rule of law; nonetheless, it often comes under fire for (1) its brand of government, which, though democratic and consistently one of the least corrupt, operates largely under a one-party rule, and (2) not vigorously defending freedom of expression, given its government-regulated press, as well as penchant for upholding laws protecting ethnic and religious harmony, judicial dignity and personal reputation. The private (capitalist) sector in the People's Republic of China has grown exponentially and thrived since its inception, despite having an authoritarian government. 's rule in Chile led to economic growth and high levels of inequality by using authoritarian means to create a safe environment for investment and capitalism.

Varieties of capitalism [ ] Peter A. Hall and argued that modern economies have developed two different forms of capitalism: liberal market economies (or LME) (e.g. US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland) and coordinated market economies (CME) (e.g. Germany, Japan, Sweden, Austria). Those two types can be distinguished by the primary way in which firms coordinate with each other and other actors, such as.

In LMEs firms primarily coordinate their endeavors by way of hierarchies and market mechanisms. Coordinated market economies more heavily rely on non-market forms of interaction in the coordination of their relationship with other actors (for a detailed description see ). These two forms of capitalisms developed different, and,, inter-firm relations and relations with employees. The existence of these different forms of capitalism has important societal effects, especially in periods of crisis and instability. Since the early 2000s the number of labor market outsiders has rapidly grown in Europe, especially among the youth, potentially influencing social and political participation. Using varieties of capitalism theory it is possible to disentangle the different effects on social and political participation that an increase of labor market outsiders has in liberal and coordinated market economies (Ferragina et al. The social and political disaffection, especially among the youth, seems to be more pronounced in liberal than coordinated market economies.

This signals an important problem for liberal market economies in a period of crisis. If the market does not provide consistent job opportunities (as it has in previous decades), the shortcomings of liberal social security systems may depress social and political participation even further than in other capitalist economies.

Characteristics [ ]. Further information: Capitalism is 'production for exchange' driven by the desire for personal accumulation of money receipts in such exchanges, mediated by free markets. The markets themselves are driven by the needs and wants of consumers and those of society as a whole. Contemporary mainstream economics, particularly that associated with the, holds that by an ', through little more than the freedom of the market, is able to match social production to these needs and desires. Summary [ ] In general, capitalism as an economic system and mode of production can be summarised by the following: •: Production for profit and accumulation as the implicit purpose of all or most of production, constriction or elimination of production formerly carried out on a common social or private household basis. •: Production for exchange on a market; to maximise instead of.

• of the means of production: • High levels of. • The of money to make a profit. • The use of the to allocate resources between competing uses. The market [ ]. The price (P) of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price (supply, S) and the desires of those with at each price (demand, D): this results in a market equilibrium, with a given quantity (Q) sold of the product, whereas a rise in demand would result in an increase in price and an increase in output In free-market and forms of capitalism, markets are used most extensively with minimal or no regulation over the pricing mechanism. In mixed economies, which are almost universal today, markets continue to play a dominant role but are regulated to some extent by government in order to correct, promote, conserve, fund and or for other reasons.

In systems, markets are relied upon the least, with the state relying heavily on or indirect economic planning to accumulate capital. Supply is the amount of a good or service produced by a firm and which is available for sale.

Demand is the amount that people are willing to buy at a specific price. Prices tend to rise when demand exceeds supply, and fall when supply exceeds demand. In theory, the market is able to coordinate itself when a new equilibrium price and quantity is reached. Competition arises when more than one producer is trying to sell the same or similar products to the same buyers. In capitalist theory, competition leads to innovation and more affordable prices.

Without competition, a or may develop. A monopoly occurs when a firm supplies the total output in the market; the firm can therefore limit output and raise prices because it has no fear of competition. A cartel is a group of firms that act together in a monopolistic manner to control output and prices.

Efforts are made by government to prevent the creation of monopolies and cartels. In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act became the first legislation passed by the U.S. Congress to limit monopolies.

Profit motive [ ] The is a theory in capitalism which posits that the ultimate goal of a business is to make money. Stated differently, the reason for a business's existence is to turn a profit.

The profit motive functions on the, or the theory that individuals tend to pursue what is in their own best interests. Accordingly, businesses seek to benefit themselves and/or their shareholders by maximizing profits. In capitalist theoretics, the profit motive is said to ensure that resources are being allocated efficiently. For instance, explains: “If there is no profit in making an article, it is a sign that the labor and capital devoted to its production are misdirected: the value of the resources that must be used up in making the article is greater than the value of the article itself.' In other words, profits let companies know whether an item is worth producing.

Theoretically in free and competitive markets, maximising profits ensures that resources are not wasted. Private property [ ] The relationship between the, its formal mechanisms, and capitalist societies has been debated in many fields of social and political theory, with active discussion since the 19th century. Is a contemporary economist who has argued that an important characteristic of capitalism is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system where ownership and transactions are clearly recorded. According to de Soto, this is the process by which physical assets are transformed into capital, which in turn may be used in many more ways and much more efficiently in the market economy. A number of Marxian economists have argued that the in England, and similar legislation elsewhere, were an integral part of capitalist and that specific legal frameworks of private land ownership have been integral to the development of capitalism. Market competition [ ]. Main article: In capitalist economics, market competition is the rivalry among sellers trying to achieve such goals as increasing profits, market share, and sales volume by varying the elements of the: price, product, distribution, and promotion.

Merriam-Webster defines competition in business as 'the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favourable terms'. It was described by in (1776) and later economists as allocating productive to their most highly valued uses and encouraging. Smith and other before were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers, not necessarily to a large number of sellers nor to a market in final.

Competition is widespread throughout the. It is a condition where 'buyers tend to compete with other buyers, and sellers tend to compete with other sellers'.

In offering goods for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market, competing for the attention and exchange resources of buyers. Competition results from – there is never enough to satisfy all conceivable human wants – and occurs 'when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what'. Reserve army of labour [ ]. Main article: In a Marxist analysis of the capitalist economy, the reserve army of labour refers to the and. It is synonymous with 'industrial reserve army' or 'relative surplus population', except that the unemployed can be defined as those actually looking for work and that the relative surplus population also includes people unable to work.

The use of the word 'army' refers to the workers being conscripted and regimented in the workplace in a, under the. Prior to the start of the capitalist era in human history (i.e. Before the 1500s), on a mass scale rarely existed, other than that caused by natural disasters and wars. In ancient societies, all people who could work necessarily had to work, otherwise they would starve; a slave or a serf by definition could not become 'unemployed'. There was normally very little possibility of 'earning a crust' without working at all, and the usual attitude toward beggars and idlers was harsh.

Children began to work already at a very early age. Indeed, the word 'employment' is linguistically a product of the capitalist era. A permanent level of unemployment presupposes a working population which is to a large extent dependent on a wage or salary for a living, without having other means of livelihood, as well as the right of enterprises to hire and fire employees in accordance with commercial or economic conditions. The expression 'unemployed' in English, in the sense of 'temporarily out of work', dates back to the 1660s; reference to 'the unemployed' as a group was first made in 1782; and reference to 'unemployment' as a general condition is first attested in 1888. The first recorded discussion of the reserve army of labour is in a manuscript written by: Big industry constantly requires a reserve army of unemployed workers for times of. The main purpose of the bourgeois in relation to the worker is, of course, to have the commodity labour as cheaply as possible, which is only possible when the supply of this commodity is as large as possible in relation to the demand for it, i.e., when the overpopulation is the greatest. Overpopulation is therefore in the interest of the bourgeoisie, and it gives the workers good advice which it knows to be impossible to carry out.

Since capital only increases when it employs workers, the increase of capital involves an increase of the proletariat, and, as we have seen, according to the nature of the relation of capital and labour, the increase of the proletariat must proceed relatively even faster. Which is also expressed as a law of nature, that population grows faster than the means of subsistence, is the more welcome to the bourgeois as it silences his conscience, makes hard-heartedness into a moral duty and the consequences of society into the consequences of nature, and finally gives him the opportunity to watch the destruction of the proletariat by starvation as calmly as other natural event without bestirring himself, and, on the other hand, to regard the misery of the proletariat as its own fault and to punish it. To be sure, the proletarian can restrain his natural instinct by reason, and so, by moral supervision, halt the law of nature in its injurious course of development. — Karl Marx,, December 1847 Marx introduced the concept in chapter 25 of the first volume of, which states: Capitalistic accumulation itself. Constantly produces, and produces in the direct ratio of its own energy and extent, a relatively redundant population of workers, i.e., a population of greater extent than suffices for the average needs of the of capital, and therefore a surplus-population. It is the absolute interest of every capitalist to press a given quantity of labour out of a smaller, rather than a greater number of labourers, if the cost is about the same.

The more extended the scale of production, the stronger this motive. Its force increases with the accumulation of capital. His argument is that as capitalism develops, the will increase, which means that the mass of grows faster than the mass of. Fewer workers can produce all that is necessary for society's requirements. In addition, capital will become more concentrated and centralised in fewer hands.

This being the absolute historical tendency, part of the working population will tend to become surplus to the requirements of over time. Paradoxically, the larger the wealth of society, the larger the industrial reserve army will become. Marx called it 'the antagonism of capital accumulation' and he cites his, (Chapter 2, Section 1) to explain this phenomenon in relation with.

One could add that the larger the wealth of society, the more people it can support who do not work. However, as Marx develops the argument further, it also becomes clear that, depending on the state of the economy, the reserve army of labour will either expand or contract, alternately being absorbed or expelled from the employed workforce. Taking them as a whole, the general movements of are exclusively regulated by the expansion and contraction of the industrial reserve army, and these again correspond to the periodic changes of the industrial cycle. They are, therefore, not determined by the variations of the absolute number of the working population, but by the varying proportions in which the working-class is divided into active and reserve army, by the increase or diminution in the relative amount of the surplus-population, by the extent to which it is now absorbed, now set free. In recent years, there has been growing research on the concept of 'the ', to describe a growing reliance on temporary, part-time workers with precarious status, who share aspects of the proletariat and the reserve army of labor. Precarious workers do work part-time or full-time in temporary jobs, but they cannot really earn enough to live on, and depend partly on friends or family, or on state benefits, to survive.

Typically they do not become truly 'unemployed', but they don't have a stable job to go to either. The rise of 'the precariat' has been attributed to the emergence of global. Although non-employed people who are unable or uninterested in performing legal paid work are not considered among the 'unemployed', the concept of 'conjunctural unemployment' is used in economics nowadays. Economists often distinguish between short-term 'frictional' or 'cyclical' unemployment, and longer-term 'structural unemployment'. Sometimes there is a short-term mismatch between the demand and supply of labour, at other times there is much less total demand for labour than supply for a long-time. If no possibility for getting a job at all in the foreseeable future exists, many younger people decide to migrate or emigrate to a place where they can find work. Composition of the relative surplus population [ ] Marx discusses the army of labor and the reserve army in Capital, Ch.

25, Section IV. The Army of Labor consists in those working-class people employed in average or better than average jobs.

Not every one in the working class gets one of these jobs. There are then four other categories where members of the working class might find themselves: the 'stagnant pool', the floating reserves, the latent reserve, and pauperdom. Finally, people may leave the army and the reserve army by turning to criminality, and Marx refers to such people as 'lumpenproletariat'. • The stagnant part consists of marginalised people with 'extremely irregular employment'. Stagnant pool jobs are characterized by below average pay, dangerous working conditions, they may be temporary. Those caught in the stagnant pool have jobs, so the modern definition of the employed would include both the army of labor plus the stagnant pool. However, they are constantly on the lookout for something better.

The modern unemployed would refer primarily to the floating reserve, people who used to have good jobs, but are now out of work. They certainly hope that their unemployment is temporary ('conjunctural unemployment'), but they are well aware that they could fall into the stagnant pool or the pauper class. • The latent part consists of that segment of the population not yet fully integrated into capitalist production. In Marx' day, he was referring to people living off of subsistence agriculture who were looking for monetary employment in industry. In modern times, people coming from slums in developing countries where they survive largely by non-monetary means, to developed cities where they work for pay might form the latent. Housewives who move from unpaid to paid employment for a business could also form a part of the latent reserve. They are not unemployed, because they are not necessarily actively looking for a job; but if capital needs extra workers, it can pull them out of the latent reserve.

In this sense, the latent forms a reservoir of potential workers for industries. • Pauperdom is where one might end up. The homeless is the modern term for paupers. Marx calls them people who cannot adapt to capital's never ending change. For Karl Marx, 'the sphere of pauperism', including those still able to work, orphans and pauper children, and the 'demoralised and ragged' or 'unable to work'.

As a mode of production [ ]. Further information: In Karl Marx' critique of political economy and subsequent Marxian analyses, the capitalist mode of production refers to the systems of organising production and distribution within capitalist. Private money-making in various forms (renting, banking, merchant trade, production for profit, etc.) preceded the development of the capitalist mode of production as such. The capitalist mode of production proper, based on wage-labour and private ownership of the means of production, and on industrial technology, began to grow rapidly in Western Europe from the, later extending to most of the world.

[ ] The term capitalist mode of production is defined by of the, extraction of by the owning class for the purpose of,, and, at least as far as are concerned, being. Capitalism in the form of money-making activity has existed in the shape of merchants and money-lenders who acted as intermediaries between consumers and producers engaging in (hence the reference to ') since the beginnings of civilisation.

What is specific about the “capitalist mode of production” is that most of the inputs and outputs of are supplied through the market (i.e. They are commodities) and essentially all production is in this mode. For example, in flourishing Feudalism, most or all of the factors of production including labour are owned by the feudal ruling class outright and the products may also be consumed without a market of any kind, it is production for use within the feudal social unit and for limited trade. This has the important consequence that the whole organisation of the production process is reshaped and re-organised to conform with economic by capitalism, which is expressed in price relationships between inputs and outputs (wages, non-labour factor costs, sales, profits) rather than the larger rational context faced by society overall. That is, the whole process is organised and re-shaped in order to conform to “commercial logic”. Essentially, capital accumulation comes to define economic rationality in capitalist production.

A society, region or is capitalist if the predominant source of incomes and products being distributed is capitalist activity, but even so this does not yet mean necessarily that the capitalist mode of production is dominant in that society. Wage labour [ ]. An industrial amidst heavy steel (Kinex Bearings,,, c. 1995–2000) refers to the sale of under a formal or informal to an. These transactions usually occur in a where are market determined. Individuals who possess and supply financial capital or labor to productive ventures often become owners, either jointly (as ) or individually.

In Marxist economics these owners of the means of production and suppliers of capital are generally called capitalists. The description of the role of the capitalist has shifted, first referring to a useless intermediary between producers to an employer of producers, and eventually came to refer to owners of the means of production.

Includes all physical and mental human resources, including entrepreneurial capacity and management skills, which are needed to produce products and services. Is the act of making goods or services by applying.

Critics of the capitalist mode of production see wage labour as a major, if not defining, aspect of hierarchical industrial systems. Most opponents of the institution support and as alternatives to both wage labour and to capitalism. While most opponents of the wage system blame the capitalist owners of the means of production for its existence, most and other also hold the state as equally responsible as it exists as a tool utilised by capitalists to subsidise themselves and protect the institution of. As some opponents of wage labour take influence from Marxist propositions, many are opposed to, but maintain respect for. Types [ ] The most common form of wage labour currently is ordinary direct, or 'full-time', employment in which a free worker sells his or her labour for an indeterminate time (from a few years to the entire career of the worker), in return for a money-wage or salary and a continuing relationship with the employer which it does not in general offer contractors or other irregular staff.

However, wage labour takes many other forms, and explicit as opposed to implicit (i.e. Conditioned by local labour and tax law) contracts are not uncommon.

Economic history shows a great variety of ways in which labour is traded and exchanged. The differences show up in the form of: • Employment status: a worker could be employed full-time, part-time, or on a casual basis. He or she could be employed for example temporarily for a specific project only, or on a permanent basis.

Part-time wage labour could combine with part-time. The worker could be employed also as an. • Civil (legal) status: the worker could for example be a free citizen, an, the subject of (including some prison or army labour); a worker could be assigned by the political authorities to a task, they could be a or a bound to the land who is hired out part of the time. So the labour might be performed on a more or less voluntary basis, or on a more or less involuntary basis, in which there are many gradations. • Method of payment (remuneration or ).

The work done could be paid 'in cash' (a money-wage) or 'in kind' (through receiving goods and/or services), or in the form of ' where the wage is directly dependent on how much the worker produces. In some cases, the worker might be paid in the form of credit used to buy goods and services, or in the form of or in an enterprise. • Method of hiring: the worker might engage in a labour-contract on his or her own initiative, or he or she might hire out their labour as part of a group. But he or she may also hire out their labour via an intermediary (such as an employment agency) to a third party. In this case, he or she is paid by the intermediary, but works for a third party which pays the intermediary.

In some cases, labour is several times, with several intermediaries. Another possibility is that the worker is assigned or posted to a job by a political authority, or that an agency hires out a worker to an enterprise together with. Comparison to slavery [ ]. Escort strikebreakers in Buchtel, Ohio, 1884 Wage labour has long been compared to slavery. As a result, the phrase is often utilised as a pejorative for wage labour. Similarly, advocates of slavery looked upon the 'comparative evils of Slave Society and of Free Society, of slavery to human Masters and slavery to Capital', and proceeded to argue that wage slavery was actually worse than.

Slavery apologists like contended that workers only accepted wage labour with the passage of time, as they became 'familiarised and inattentive to the infected social atmosphere they continually inhale'. Scholars have debated the exact relationship between wage labor, slavery, and capitalism at length, especially for the antebellum United States. Similarities between wage labour and slavery were noted as early as in Ancient Rome. With the advent of the, thinkers such as and elaborated the comparison between wage labour and slavery in the context of a critique of societal property not intended for active personal use, while emphasised the brought about by machines. Before the, Southern defenders of slavery invoked the concept of wage slavery to favorably compare the condition of their slaves to workers in the North.

The United States abolished slavery during the Civil War, but labor union activists found the metaphor useful. According to, in the 'references abounded in the labor press, and it is hard to find a speech by a labour leader without the phrase'. ” According to, analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the era. In his 1791 book On the Limits of State Action, classical thinker explained how 'whatever does not spring from a man's free choice, or is only the result of instruction and guidance, does not enter into his very nature; he does not perform it with truly human energies, but merely with mechanical exactness' and so when the labourer works under external control, 'we may admire what he does, but we despise what he is'. Both the and have been found useful in the psychological study of wage-based workplace relations. Additionally, as per anthropologist, the earliest wage labour contracts we know about were in fact contracts for the rental of chattel slaves (usually the owner would receive a share of the money, and the slave, another, with which to maintain his or her living expenses.) Such arrangements, according to Graeber, were quite common in New World slavery as well, whether in the United States or Brazil. Argued in that most of the techniques of human organisation employed on factory workers during the industrial revolution were first developed on slave plantations.

Main articles: and Market failure occurs when an is present and a market will often either under-produce a product with a positive externalisation or overproduce a product that generates a negative externalisation. Air pollution, for instance, is a negative externalisation that cannot be easily incorporated into markets as the world's air is not owned and then sold for use to polluters. So, too much pollution could be emitted and people not involved in the production pay the cost of the pollution instead of the firm that initially emitted the air pollution. Critics of market failure theory, like,, and argue that government programs and policies also fall short of absolute perfection. While all nations currently have some kind of market regulations, the desirable degree of regulation is disputed. [ ] Anti-competitive practices [ ].

Further information: The refers to the process of 'making money', or growing an initial sum of money through investment in production. Capitalism is based around the accumulation of capital, whereby is invested in order to make a profit and then reinvested into further production in a continuous process of accumulation. In Marxian economic theory, this dynamic is called the. Capital accumulation forms the basis of capitalism, where economic activity is structured around the accumulation of, defined as investment in order to realize a financial profit. In this context, 'capital' is defined as money or a financial asset invested for the purpose of making more money (whether in the form of profit, rent, interest, royalties, capital gain or some other kind of return). In, and, capital accumulation is often equated with of profit income or savings, especially in capital goods.

The concentration and centralisation of capital are two of the results of such accumulation. In modern and the phrase is often used in preference to 'accumulation', though the (UNCTAD) refers nowadays to 'accumulation'. The phrase [ ] is occasionally used in.

Background [ ] Accumulation can be measured as the monetary value of investments, the amount of income that is reinvested, or as the change in the value of assets owned (the increase in the value of the capital stock). Using company, data and direct as a basis, government statisticians estimate total investments and assets for the purpose of, national and statistics. Usually the and the provide interpretations and analysis of this data. Standard indicators include,,, household asset wealth, and.

Organisations such as the, the UNCTAD, the, the, and the used national investment data to estimate world trends. The, and the Japan Statistical Office provide data on the United States, Europe and Japan respectively.

Other useful sources of investment information are business magazines such as,,,, etc., and various corporate ' organisations and publications. A reputable scientific journal is the Review of Income & Wealth.

In the case of the United States, the 'Analytical Perspectives' document (an annex to the yearly budget) provides useful wealth and capital estimates applying to the whole country. In ' economic theory, capital accumulation refers to the operation whereby profits are reinvested increasing the total quantity of capital. Capital is viewed by Marx as expanding value, that is, in other terms, as a sum of capital, usually expressed in money, that is transformed through human labor into a larger value, extracted as profits and expressed as money. Here, capital is defined essentially as economic or commercial asset in search of additional value. This requires property relations which enable objects of value to be appropriated and owned, and trading rights to be established. Capital accumulation has a double origin, namely in trade and in, both of a legal or illegal kind.

The reason is that a stock of capital can be increased through a process of exchange or 'trading up' but also through directly taking an asset or resource from someone else, without compensation. The continuation and progress of capital accumulation depends on the removal of obstacles to the expansion of trade, and this has historically often been a violent process.

As markets expand, more and more new opportunities develop for accumulating capital, because more and more types of goods and services can be traded in. But capital accumulation may also confront resistance, when people refuse to sell, or refuse to buy (for example a by investors or workers, or ). Concentration and centralisation [ ] According to Marx, capital has the tendency for concentration and centralization in the hands of the wealthy. Marx explains: 'It is concentration of capitals already formed, destruction of their individual independence, expropriation of capitalist by capitalist, transformation of many small into few large capitals.

Capital grows in one place to a huge mass in a single hand, because it has in another place been lost by many. The battle of competition is fought by cheapening of commodities. The cheapness of commodities demands, caeteris paribus, on the productiveness of labour, and this again on the scale of production. Therefore, the larger capitals beat the smaller. It will further be remembered that, with the development of the capitalist mode of production, there is an increase in the minimum amount of individual capital necessary to carry on a business under its normal conditions. The smaller capitals, therefore, crowd into spheres of production which Modern Industry has only sporadically or incompletely got hold of. Here competition rages.

It always ends in the ruin of many small capitalists, whose capitals partly pass into the hands of their conquerors, partly vanish.' The rate of accumulation [ ] In, the rate of accumulation is defined as (1) the value of the real net increase in the of capital in an accounting period, (2) the proportion of realised or profit-income which is reinvested, rather than consumed. This rate can be expressed by means of various ratios between the original capital outlay, the realised turnover, surplus-value or profit and reinvestments (see, e.g., the writings of the economist ). Other things being equal, the greater the amount of profit-income that is disbursed as personal earnings and used for consumptive purposes, the lower the savings rate and the lower the rate of accumulation is likely to be. However, earnings spent on consumption can also stimulate market demand and higher investment.

This is the cause of endless controversies in economic theory about 'how much to spend, and how much to save'. In a boom period of capitalism, the growth of investments is cumulative, i.e.

One investment leads to another, leading to a constantly expanding market, an expanding, and an increase in the standard of living for the majority of the people. In a stagnating, decadent capitalism, the accumulation process is increasingly oriented towards investment on military and security forces, real estate, financial speculation, and luxury consumption. In that case, income from production will decline in favour of interest, rent and tax income, with as a corollary an increase in the level of permanent unemployment. The more capital one owns, the more capital one can also borrow.

The inverse is also true, and this is one factor in the widening gap between the rich and the poor. Emphasised that the rhythm of capital accumulation and growth depended critically on (1) the division of a society's social product between ' and ', and (2) the division of the surplus product between and. In turn, this allocation pattern reflected the outcome of among capitalists, competition between capitalists and workers, and competition between workers.

The pattern of capital accumulation can therefore never be simply explained by commercial factors, it also involved social factors and relationships. The circuit of capital accumulation from production [ ] Strictly speaking, capital has accumulated only when realised income has been reinvested in capital assets. But the process of capital accumulation in has, as suggested in the first volume of Marx', at least seven distinct but linked moments: • The initial investment of (which could be borrowed capital) in and.

• The command over and its appropriation. • The (increase in value) of capital through production of new outputs. • The appropriation of the new output produced by employees, containing the added value. • The realisation of through output sales. • The appropriation of realised surplus-value as (profit) income after deduction of costs.

• The reinvestment of profit income in production. All of these moments do not refer simply to an 'economic' or commercial process.

Rather, they assume the existence of legal, social, cultural and economic power conditions, without which creation, distribution and circulation of the new wealth could not occur. This becomes especially clear when the attempt is made to create a market where none exists, or where people refuse to trade. Simple and expanded reproduction [ ] In volume 2 of Das Kapital, Marx continues the story and shows that, with the aid of bank, capital in search of growth can more or less smoothly mutate from one form to another, alternately taking the form of money capital (liquid deposits, securities, etc.), commodity capital (tradable products, real estate etc.), or production capital ( and labor power).

His discussion of the simple and expanded of the conditions of production offers a more sophisticated model of the parameters of the accumulation process as a whole. At simple reproduction, a sufficient amount is produced to sustain society at the given; the stock of capital stays constant.

At expanded reproduction, more product-value is produced than is necessary to sustain society at a given living standard (a ); the additional product-value is available for investments which enlarge the scale and variety of production. The bourgeois claim there is no according to which capital is necessarily re-invested in the expansion of production, that such depends on anticipated profitability, market expectations and perceptions of investment risk. Such statements only explain the subjective experiences of investors and ignore the objective realities which would influence such opinions. As Marx states in Vol.

2, simple reproduction only exists if the variable and surplus capital realised by Dept. 1 – producers of means of production – exactly equals that of the constant capital of Dept. 2, producers of articles of consumption (p. 524). Such equilibrium rests on various assumptions, such as a constant labor supply (no population growth). Accumulation does not imply a necessary change in total magnitude of value produced but can simply refer to a change in the composition of an industry (p. 514). Introduced the additional concept of contracted economic reproduction, i.e. Reduced accumulation where business operating at a loss outnumbers growing business, or economic reproduction on a decreasing scale, for example due to wars, natural disasters or de.

Balanced requires that different factors in the accumulation process expand in appropriate proportions. But markets themselves cannot spontaneously create that balance, in fact what drives business activity is precisely the imbalances between: inequality is the motor of growth. This partly explains why the worldwide pattern of economic growth is very uneven and unequal, even although markets have existed almost everywhere for a very long-time. Some people argue that it also explains government regulation of market trade and. Capital accumulation as social relation [ ] 'Accumulation of capital' sometimes also refers in Marxist writings to the reproduction of capitalist (institutions) on a larger scale over time, i.e., the expansion of the size of the and of the wealth owned by the. This interpretation emphasises that capital ownership, predicated on command over labor, is a social relation: the growth of capital implies the growth of the (a '). In the first volume of Das Kapital Marx had illustrated this idea with reference to 's theory of colonisation: Wakefield discovered that in the Colonies, property in money, means of subsistence, machines, and other means of production, does not as yet stamp a man as a capitalist if there be wanting the correlative – the wage-worker, the other man who is compelled to sell himself of his own free-will.

He discovered that capital is not a thing, but a social relation between persons, established by the instrumentality of things. Peel, he moans, took with him from England to Swan River, West Australia, means of subsistence and of production to the amount of £50,000. Peel had the foresight to bring with him, besides, 3,000 persons of the working-class, men, women, and children. Once arrived at his destination, 'Mr.

Peel was left without a servant to make his bed or fetch him water from the river.' Peel, who provided for everything except the export of English modes of production to Swan River!

The price P of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price (supply S) and the desires of those with at each price (demand D): the diagram shows a positive shift in demand from D 1 to D 2, resulting in an increase in price (P) and quantity sold (Q) of the product In capitalist economic structures, supply and demand is an of in a. It concludes that in a, the for a particular will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an for price and.

The four basic laws of and are:: 37 • If demand increases (demand curve shifts to the right) and supply remains unchanged, then a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price. • If demand decreases (demand curve shifts to the left) and supply remains unchanged, then a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price.

• If demand remains unchanged and supply increases (supply curve shifts to the right), then a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price. • If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases (supply curve shifts to the left), then a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price. Graphical representation of supply and demand [ ] Although it is normal to regard the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as of the price of the goods, the standard graphical representation, usually attributed to, has price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis, the opposite of the standard convention for the representation of a mathematical function. Since determinants of supply and demand other than the price of the goods in question are not explicitly represented in the supply-demand diagram, changes in the values of these variables are represented by moving the supply and demand curves (often described as 'shifts' in the curves). By contrast, responses to changes in the price of the good are represented as movements along unchanged supply and demand curves. Supply schedule [ ] A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Under the assumption of, supply is determined.

That is: firms will produce additional output while the cost of producing an extra unit of output is less than the price they would receive. A hike in the cost of raw goods would decrease supply, shifting costs up, while a discount would increase supply, shifting costs down and hurting producers as producer surplus decreases.

By its very nature, conceptualising a supply curve requires the firm to be a perfect competitor (i.e. To have no influence over the market price). This is true because each point on the supply curve is the answer to the question 'If this firm is faced with this potential price, how much output will it be able to and willing to sell?' If a firm has market power, its decision of how much output to provide to the market influences the market price, therefore the firm is not 'faced with' any price, and the question becomes less relevant.

Economists distinguish between the supply curve of an individual firm and between the market supply curve. The market supply curve is obtained by summing the quantities supplied by all suppliers at each potential price.

Thus, in the graph of the supply curve, individual firms' supply curves are added horizontally to obtain the market supply curve. Economists also distinguish the short-run market supply curve from the long-run market supply curve. In this context, two things are assumed constant by definition of the short run: the availability of one or more fixed inputs (typically ), and the number of firms in the industry. In the long-run, firms can adjust their holdings of physical capital, enabling them to better adjust their quantity supplied at any given price. Furthermore, in the long-run potential competitors can or exit the industry in response to market conditions. For both of these reasons, long-run market supply curves are generally flatter than their short-run counterparts.

The determinants of supply are: • Production costs: how much a goods costs to be produced. Production costs are the cost of the inputs; primarily labor, capital, energy and materials. They depend on the technology used in production, and/or technological advances. • Firms' expectations about future prices.

• Number of suppliers. Demand schedule [ ] A demand schedule, depicted graphically as the, represents the amount of some that buyers are willing and able to purchase at various prices, assuming all determinants of demand other than the price of the good in question, such as income, tastes and preferences, the price of, and the price of, remain the same. Following the, the demand curve is almost always represented as downward-sloping, meaning that as price decreases, consumers will buy more of the good. Just like the supply curves reflect curves, demand curves are determined by curves. Consumers will be willing to buy a given quantity of a good, at a given price, if the marginal utility of additional consumption is equal to the determined by the price, that is the marginal utility of alternative consumption choices. The demand schedule is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time. While the aforementioned demand curve is generally downward-sloping, there may be rare examples of goods that have upward-sloping demand curves.

Two different hypothetical types of goods with upward-sloping demand curves are (an inferior but good) and (goods made more fashionable by a higher price). By its very nature, conceptualising a demand curve requires that the purchaser be a perfect competitor – that is, that the purchaser has no influence over the market price. This is true because each point on the demand curve is the answer to the question 'If this buyer is faced with this potential price, how much of the product will it purchase?' If a buyer has market power, so its decision of how much to buy influences the market price, then the buyer is not 'faced with' any price, and the question is meaningless. Like with supply curves, economists distinguish between the demand curve of an individual and the market demand curve. The market demand curve is obtained by summing the quantities demanded by all consumers at each potential price. Thus, in the graph of the demand curve, individuals' demand curves are added horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.

The determinants of demand are: • Income. • Tastes and preferences. • Prices of related goods and services. • Consumers' expectations about future prices and incomes that can be checked. • Number of potential consumers.

Equilibrium [ ]. Further information: In the context of supply and demand, economic equilibrium refers to a state where economic forces such as are balanced and in the absence of external influences the () values of economic variables will not change. For example, in the standard text-book model of, equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal. Market equilibrium in this case refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by is equal to the amount of goods or services produced. This price is often called the competitive price or price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes and the quantity is called 'competitive quantity' or market clearing quantity.

Partial equilibrium [ ]. Main article: Partial equilibrium, as the name suggests, takes into consideration only a part of the market to attain equilibrium. Jain proposes (attributed to ): 'A partial equilibrium is one which is based on only a restricted range of data, a standard example is price of a single product, the prices of all other products being held fixed during the analysis.' The supply-and-demand model is a partial equilibrium model of, where the clearance on the of some specific is obtained independently from prices and quantities in other markets. In other words, the prices of all and, as well as levels of are constant.

This makes analysis much simpler than in a model which includes an entire economy. Here the dynamic process is that prices adjust until supply equals demand.

It is a powerfully simple technique that allows one to study, and. The stringency of the simplifying assumptions inherent in this approach make the model considerably more tractable, but may produce results which while seemingly precise do not effectively model real world economic phenomena. Partial equilibrium analysis examines the effects of policy action in creating equilibrium only in that particular sector or market which is directly affected, ignoring its effect in any other market or industry assuming that they being small will have little impact if any. Hence this analysis is considered to be useful in constricted markets. First formalised the idea of a one-period economic equilibrium of the general economic system, but it was French economist and English political economist who developed tractable models to analyse an economic system. Empirical estimation [ ] Demand and supply relations in a market can be statistically estimated from price, quantity, and other with sufficient information in the model.

This can be done with methods of estimation in. Such methods allow solving for the model-relevant 'structural coefficients', the estimated algebraic counterparts of the theory.

The is a common issue in 'structural estimation'. Typically, data on variables (that is: variables other than price and quantity, both of which are variables) are needed to perform such an estimation. An alternative to 'structural estimation' is estimation, which regresses each of the endogenous variables on the respective exogenous variables. Macroeconomic uses of demand and supply [ ] Demand and supply have also been generalised to explain variables in a, including the and the general. The may be the most direct application of supply and demand to macroeconomics, but other macroeconomic models also use supply and demand.

Compared to uses of demand and supply, different (and more controversial) theoretical considerations apply to such counterparts as and. Demand and supply are also used in macroeconomic theory to relate and money demand to, and to relate labor supply and labor demand to wage rates.

History [ ] According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century scholar, who wrote: 'If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases, its price rises. On the other hand, if availability of the good increases and the desire for it decreases, the price comes down.'

's 1691 work Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money. Includes an early and clear description of supply and demand and their relationship. In this description demand is: 'The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and sellers” and “that which regulates the price.

[of goods] is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent'. The phrase 'supply and demand' was first used by in his Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, published in 1767. Used the phrase in his 1776 book, and titled one chapter of his 1817 work 'On the Influence of Demand and Supply on Price'. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith generally assumed that the supply price was fixed but that its 'merit' (value) would decrease as its 'scarcity' increased, in effect what was later called the law of demand also. Ricardo, in Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, more rigorously laid down the idea of the assumptions that were used to build his ideas of supply and demand. First developed a mathematical model of supply and demand in his 1838 Researches into the Mathematical Principles of Wealth, including diagrams.

During the late 19th century the marginalist school of thought emerged. This field mainly was started by,, and. The key idea was that the price was set by the most expensive price, that is, the price at the margin. This was a substantial change from Adam Smith's thoughts on determining the supply price. In his 1870 essay 'On the Graphical Representation of Supply and Demand', in the course of 'introduc[ing] the diagrammatic method into the English economic literature' published the first drawing of supply and demand curves therein, including from a shift of supply or demand and application to the labor market.

The model was further developed and popularized by in the 1890 textbook. Capitalism and war [ ] War typically causes the diversion, destruction and creation of capital assets as capital assets are both destroyed or consumed and diverted to types of production needed to fight the war. Many assets are wasted and in some few cases created specifically to fight a war. War driven demands may be a powerful stimulus for the accumulation of capital and production capability in limited areas and market expansion outside the immediate theatre of war. Often this has induced laws against perceived and real. The total hours worked in the United States rose by 34 percent during World War II, even though the military draft reduced the civilian labor force by 11 percent.

Assembling the North American at, 1942: the common view among economic historians is that the ended with the advent of World War II War destruction can be illustrated by looking. Industrial war damage was heaviest in Japan, where 1/4 of factory buildings and 1/3 of plant & equipment were destroyed; 1/7 of electric power-generating capacity was destroyed and 6/7 of oil refining capacity. The Japanese merchant fleet lost 80% of their ships.

In Germany in 1944, when air attacks were heaviest, 6.5% of machine tools were damaged or destroyed, but around 90% were later repaired. About 10% of steel production capacity was lost. In Europe, the United States and the Soviet Union enormous resources were accumulated and ultimately dissipated as planes, ships, tanks, etc. Were built and then lost or destroyed. Germany's total war damage was estimated at about 17.5% of the pre-war total capital stock by value, i.e.

In the area alone, there were 8 million refugees lacking basic necessities. In 1945, less than 10% of the railways were still operating.

2395 rail bridges were destroyed and a total of 7500 bridges, 10,000 locomotives and more than 100,000 goods wagons were destroyed. Less than 40% of the remaining locomotives were operational. However, by the first quarter of 1946 European rail traffic, which was given assistance and preferences (by western appointed military governors) for resources and material as an essential asset, regained its prewar operational level. At the end of the year, 90% of Germany's railway lines were operating again.

In retrospect, the rapidity of infrastructure reconstruction appears astonishing. Initially, in May 1945 newly installed United States president 's directive had been that no steps would be taken towards economic rehabilitation of Germany. In fact, the initial industry plan of 1946 prohibited production in excess of half of the 1938 level; the iron and steel industry was allowed to produce only less than a third of pre-war output. These plans were rapidly revised and better plans were instituted. In 1946, over 10% of Germany's physical capital stock (plant & equipment) was also dismantled and confiscated, most of it going to the USSR.

By 1947, industrial production in Germany was at 1/3 of the 1938 level, and industrial investment at about 1/2 the 1938 level. The first big strike-wave in the occurred in early 1947 – it was about food rations and housing, but soon there were demands for nationalisation. The United States appointed military governor (Newman) however stated at the time that he had the power to break strikes by withholding food rations. The clear message was: 'no work, no eat'.

As the military controls in Western Germany were nearly all relinquished and the Germans were allowed to rebuild their own economy with Marshall Plan aid things rapidly improved. By 1951, German industrial production had overtaken the prewar level. The funds were important, but, after the currency reform (which permitted German capitalists to revalue their assets) and the establishment of a new political system, much more important was the commitment of the United States to rebuilding German capitalism and establishing a free market economy and government, rather than keeping Germany in a weak position. Initially, average remained low, lower even than in 1938, until the early 1950s, while profitability was unusually high. So the total investment fund, aided by credits, was also high, resulting in a high rate of capital accumulation which was nearly all reinvested in new construction or new tools. This was called the or 'Wirtschaftswunder'.

In Italy, the victorious Allies did three things in 1945: they imposed their absolute military authority; they quickly disarmed the Italian partisans from a very large stock of weapons; and they agreed to a state guarantee of wage payments, as well as a veto on all sackings of workers from their jobs. Although the Italian Communist Party grew very large immediately after the war ended – it achieved a membership of 1.7 million people in a population of 45 million – it was outmaneouvred through a complicated political battle by the Christian Democrats, after three years.

In the 1950s, an economic boom began in Italy, at first fuelled by internal demand, and then also by exports. In modern times, it has often been possible to rebuild physical capital assets destroyed in wars completely within the space of about 10 years, except in cases of severe pollution by or other kinds of irreparable devastation. However, damage to has been much more devastating, in terms of fatalities (in the case of World War II, about 55 million deaths), permanent physical disability, enduring ethnic hostility and psychological injuries which have effects for at least several generations.

Types of capitalism [ ] There are many variants of capitalism in existence that differ according to country and region. They vary in their institutional makeup and by their economic policies. The common features among all the different forms of capitalism is that they are based on the production of goods and services for profit, predominantly market-based allocation of resources, and they are structured upon the accumulation of capital. The major forms of capitalism are listed hereafter: Advanced capitalism [ ]. Main article: Advanced capitalism is the situation that pertains to a society in which the has been integrated and developed deeply and extensively for a prolonged period.

Various writers identify as an influential early theorist of advanced capitalism, even if he did not use the term himself. In his writings Gramsci sought to explain how capitalism had adapted to avoid the revolutionary overthrow that had seemed inevitable in the 19th century. At the heart of his explanation was the decline of raw coercion as a tool of class power, replaced by use of institutions to manipulate public ideology in the capitalists' favour.

Has been a major contributor to the analysis of advanced-capitalistic societies. Habermas observed four general features that characterise advanced capitalism: • Concentration of industrial activity in a few large firms • Constant reliance on the state to stabilise the economic system • A formally democratic government that legitimises the activities of the state and dissipates opposition to the system • The use of nominal wage increases to pacify the most restless segments of the work force Finance capitalism [ ]. See also: In their critique of capitalism, and both emphasise the role of ' as the determining and interest in capitalist society, particularly in the. Is credited [ ] with first bringing the term 'finance capitalism' into prominence through Finance Capital, his 1910 study of the links between German trusts, banks, and monopolies – a study subsumed by into (1917), his analysis of the imperialist relations of the great world powers.

Lenin concluded that the banks at that time operated as 'the chief nerve centres of the whole capitalist system of national economy': for the (founded in 1919), the phrase 'dictatorship of finance capitalism' became a regular one. Would later point to two earlier periods when finance capitalism had emerged in human history – with the Genoese in the 16th century and with the Dutch in the 17th and 18th centuries – although at those points it developed from commercial capitalism. [ ] extended Braudel's analysis to suggest that a predominance of finance capitalism is a recurring, long-term phenomenon, whenever a previous phase of commercial/industrial capitalist expansion reaches a plateau.

Mercantilism [ ]. The subscription room at in the early 19th century Mercantilism is a nationalist form of early capitalism that came into existence approximately in the late 16th century. It is characterized by the intertwining of national business interests to state-interest and imperialism, and consequently, the state apparatus is utilized to advance national business interests abroad. An example of this is colonists living in America who were only allowed to trade with and purchase goods from their respective mother countries (e.g. Britain, Portugal, France). Mercantilism was driven by the belief that the wealth of a nation is increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations; it corresponds to the phase of capitalist development sometimes called the. Free-market economy [ ].

See also: and Free-market economy refers to a capitalist economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises. Laissez-faire is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting. Social-market economy [ ].

Main articles: and A social-market economy is a nominally free-market system where government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum but the state provides significant services in the area of social security, unemployment benefits and recognition of through national arrangements. This model is prominent in Western and Northern European countries, and Japan, albeit in slightly different configurations. The vast majority of enterprises are privately owned in this economic model. Refers to the contemporary model of capitalism and adaptation of the social market model that exists in continental Western Europe today. State capitalism [ ]. Main article: State capitalism is a capitalist market economy dominated by state-owned enterprises, where the state enterprises are organized as commercial, profit-seeking businesses. The designation has been used broadly throughout the 20th century to designate a number of different economic forms, ranging from state-ownership in market economies to the command economies of the former.

According to Aldo Musacchio, a professor at Harvard Business School, state capitalism is a system in which governments, whether democratic or autocratic, exercise a widespread influence on the economy either through direct ownership or various subsidies. Musacchio notes a number of differences between today's state capitalism and its predecessors. In his opinion, gone are the days when governments appointed bureaucrats to run companies: the world's largest state-owned enterprises are now traded on the public markets and kept in good health by large institutional investors. Contemporary state capitalism is associated with the, and the economy of Norway. Alternatively, defines state capitalism as 'an economic system in which private capitalism is modified by a varying degree of government ownership and control'., in Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, argued that state-owned enterprises would characterize the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and communication by the.

In his writings, characterized the economy of Soviet Russia as state capitalist, believing state capitalism to be an early step toward the development of socialism. Some economists and left-wing academics including and argue that the economies of the former and Eastern bloc represented a form of state capitalism because their internal organization within enterprises and the system of wage labor remained intact. The term is not used by Austrian school economists to describe state ownership of the means of production. The economist Ludwig von Mises argued that the designation of 'state capitalism' was simply a new label for the old labels of 'state socialism' and 'planned economy', and differed only in non-essentials from these earlier designations. The debate between proponents of private versus state capitalism is centered around questions of managerial efficacy, productive efficiency, and fair distribution of wealth.

Corporate capitalism [ ]. See also: A mixed economy is a largely market-based economy consisting of both private and public ownership of the means of production and through macroeconomic policies intended to correct, reduce unemployment and keep inflation low. The degree of intervention in markets varies among different countries. Some mixed economies, such as France under, also featured a degree of over a largely capitalist-based economy. Most modern capitalist economies are defined as 'mixed economies' to some degree.

[ ] Racial capitalism [ ] In her article 'Racial Capitalism,' Nancy Leong defines racial capitalism as 'the process' that occurs when individuals or institutions profit 'from the racial identity of another person.' Others [ ] Other variants of capitalism include.

Further information:,, and In a capitalist system, the government does not prohibit private property or prevent individuals from working where they please. The government does not prevent firms from determining what wages they will pay and what prices they will charge for their products. However, many countries have laws and minimum safety standards. Under some versions of capitalism, the government carries out a number of economic functions, such as issuing money, supervising public utilities and enforcing private contracts. Many countries have that prohibit monopolies and cartels from forming. Despite anti-monopoly laws, large corporations can form near-monopolies in some industries. Such firms can temporarily drop prices and accept losses to prevent competition from entering the market, and then raise them again once the threat of entry is reduced.

In many countries, public utilities (e.g. Electricity, heating fuel, communications) are able to operate as a monopoly under government regulation, due to high economies of scale. Government agencies regulate the standards of service in many industries, such as airlines and broadcasting, as well as financing a wide range of programs. In addition, the government regulates the flow of capital and uses financial tools such as the interest rate to control factors such as inflation and unemployment. Adverse characteristics of capitalist governments [ ] argue that the role of the state in a capitalist society is to defend the interests of the.

These governments take actions to implement such things as unified national markets, national currencies, and customs system. Capitalist governments have also been criticised as in nature due to the inevitable inequality characteristic of economic progress. Criticism [ ]. The poster ' (1911) Critics of capitalism associate the economic system with; unfair and power;; repression of workers and;;;; and economic instability. Many socialists consider capitalism to be irrational, in that production and the direction of the economy are unplanned, creating many inconsistencies and internal contradictions. Capitalism and individual property rights have been associated with the where owners are unable to agree.

Postulates that capitalist economies prioritize profits and capital accumulation over the social needs of communities, and capitalist enterprises rarely include the workers in the basic decisions of the enterprise. Some and scholars have argued that – by,, or other coerced persons – is compatible with capitalist relations. Argued that unfree labor is acceptable to capital. Historian argues that capitalism has its origins in slavery: 'when historians talk about the Atlantic market revolution, they are talking about capitalism.

And when they are talking about capitalism, they are talking about slavery.' Historian claims that slavery was an integral component in the violent development of American and global capitalism. According to, institutional racism has been 'one of the most significant pillars' of the capitalist system and serves as 'the ideological justification for the hierarchization of the work-force and its highly unequal distributions of reward'.

Many aspects of capitalism have come under attack from the, which is primarily opposed to. Have argued that capitalism requires continual economic growth, and that it will inevitably deplete the finite natural resources of Earth and cause of animal and plant life.

Such critics argue that, while this or contemporary capitalism has indeed increased global trade, it has also destroyed traditional ways of life, exacerbated inequality and increased global – with more living today in abject poverty than before neoliberalism, and that environmental indicators indicate massive since the late 1970s. Some scholars blame the on the neoliberal capitalist model. Following the banking crisis of 2007, told the United States Congress on 23 October 2008: 'The whole intellectual edifice collapsed. I made a mistake in presuming that the self-interests of organizations, specifically banks and others, were such that they were best capable of protecting their own shareholders. I was shocked.'

Many religions have criticized or opposed specific elements of capitalism. Traditional,, and Islam forbid, although alternative methods of banking have been developed. Some Christians have criticized capitalism for its aspects and its inability to account for the wellbeing of all people.

Many of Jesus' parables deal with economic concerns: farming, shepherding, being in debt, doing hard labor, being excluded from banquets and the houses of the rich, and have implications for wealth and power distribution. Catholic scholars and clergy have often criticized capitalism because of its disenfranchisement of the poor often promoting as an alternative. In his 84-page, described unfettered capitalism as 'a new tyranny' and called on world leaders to fight rising poverty and inequality: Some people continue to defend which assume that economic growth, encouraged by a free market, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world. This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naive trust in the goodness of those wielding economic power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing economic system. Meanwhile, the excluded are still waiting. Proponents of capitalism argue that it creates more prosperity than any other economic system, and that its benefits are mainly to the ordinary person.

Critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability, an inability to provide for the well-being of all people, and an unsustainable danger to the natural environment. Maintain that, although capitalism is superior to all previously existing economic systems (such as feudalism or slavery), the contradiction between class interests will only be resolved by advancing into a completely new social system of production and distribution in which all persons have an equal relationship to the means of production. The term capitalism in its modern sense is often attributed to. In his, Marx analysed the ' using a method of understanding today known as. However, Marx himself rarely used the term 'capitalism', while it was used twice in the more political interpretations of his work, primarily authored by his collaborator.

In the 20th century, defenders of the capitalist system often replaced the term capitalism with phrases such as free enterprise and private enterprise and replaced capitalist with and in reaction to the negative connotations associated with capitalism. Profit motive [ ] The majority of criticisms against the profit motive centre on the idea that profits should not supersede the needs of people. 's film, for example, attacks the healthcare industry for its alleged emphasis on profits at the expense of patients. Moore explains: We should have no talk of profit when it comes to helping people who are sick. The profit motive should be nowhere involved in this. And you know what?

It's not fair to the insurance companies either because they have a fiduciary responsibility to make as much money as they can for their shareholders. Well, the way they make more money is to deny claims or to kick people off the rolls or to not even let people on the rolls because they have a pre-existing condition. You know, all of that is wrong. Another common criticism of the profit motive is that it is believed to encourage selfishness and greed.

Critics of the profit motive contend that companies disregard morals or public safety in the pursuit of profits. Economists counter that the profit motive, coupled with competition, actually reduces the final price of an item for consumption, rather than raising it. They argue that businesses profit by selling a good at a lower price and at a greater volume than the competition.

Economist uses supermarkets as an example to illustrate this point: “It has been estimated that a supermarket makes a clear profit of about a penny on a dollar of sales. If that sounds pretty skimpy, remember that it is collecting that penny on every dollar at several cash registers simultaneously and, in many cases, around the clock.” U.S. Economist has argued that greed and self-interest are. On a 1979 episode of, Friedman states: “The world runs on individuals pursuing their separate interests.” He continues by explaining that only in capitalist countries, where individuals can pursue their own self-interest, people have been able to escape from “grinding poverty”. Marxian responses [ ]. • • • Marx considered capitalism to be a historically specific (the way in which the productive property is owned and controlled, combined with the corresponding between individuals based on their connection with the process of production).

The capitalist stage of development or ' society', for Marx, represented the most advanced form of social organization to date, but he also thought that the working classes would come to power in a worldwide or transformation of human society as the end of the series of first aristocratic, then capitalist, and finally working class rule was reached. Following, Marx distinguished the of commodities from their in the market. Capital, according to Marx, is created with the purchase of commodities for the purpose of creating new commodities with an exchange value higher than the sum of the original purchases.

For Marx, the use of had itself become a commodity under capitalism; the exchange value of labor power, as reflected in the wage, is less than the value it produces for the capitalist. This difference in values, he argues, constitutes, which the capitalists extract and accumulate.

In his book, Marx argues that the is distinguished by how the owners of capital extract this surplus from workers – all prior class societies had extracted, but capitalism was new in doing so via the sale-value of produced commodities. He argues that a core requirement of a capitalist society is that a large portion of the population must not possess sources of self-sustenance that would allow them to be independent, and are instead forced to sell their labor for a wage.

In conjunction with his criticism of capitalism was Marx's belief that the working class, due to its relationship to the means of production and numerical superiority under capitalism, would be the driving force behind the socialist revolution. This argument is intertwined with Marx' version of the arguing that labor is the source of all value, and thus of profit., in (1916), further developed Marxist theory and argued that capitalism necessarily led to and the export of capital – which he also called 'imperialism' – to find new markets and resources, representing the last and highest stage of capitalism. Some 20th-century consider capitalism to be a social formation where capitalist class processes dominate, but are not exclusive. Capitalist class processes, to these thinkers, are simply those in which takes the form of, usable as capital; other tendencies for utilization of labor nonetheless exist simultaneously in existing societies where capitalist processes predominate. However, other late Marxian thinkers argue that a social formation as a whole may be classed as capitalist if capitalism is the mode by which a surplus is extracted, even if this surplus is not produced by capitalist activity, as when an absolute majority of the population is engaged in non-capitalist economic activity.

In Limits to Capital (1982), outlines an overdetermined, 'spatially restless' capitalism coupled with the spatiality of crisis formation and resolution. Harvey used Marx's theory of crisis to aid his argument that capitalism must have its 'fixes' but that we cannot predetermine what fixes will be implemented, nor in what form they will be. His work on contractions of capital accumulation and international movements of capitalist modes of production and money flows has been influential. According to Harvey, capitalism creates the conditions for volatile and geographically uneven development Sociologists such as Ulrich Beck envisioned the society of risk as a new cultural value which saw risk as a commodity to be exchanged in globalized economies.

This theory suggested that disasters and capitalist economy were inevitably entwined. Disasters allow the introduction of economic programs which otherwise would be rejected, as well as decentralizing the class structure in production. Supply and demand [ ] At least two assumptions are necessary for the validity of the standard model: first, that supply and demand are independent; second, that supply is 'constrained by a fixed resource'. If these conditions do not hold, then the model cannot be sustained. Critique focused on the inconsistency (except in implausible circumstances) of partial equilibrium analysis and the rationale for the upward slope of the supply curve in a market for a produced consumption good.

The notability of Sraffa's critique is also demonstrated by 's comments and engagements with it over many years, for example: 'What a cleaned-up version of Sraffa (1926) establishes is how nearly empty are all of Marshall's partial equilibrium boxes. To a logical purist of Wittgenstein and Sraffa class, the Marshallian partial equilibrium box of constant cost is even more empty than the box of increasing cost.' Aggregate excess demand in a market is the difference between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as a function of price. In the model with an upward-sloping supply curve and downward-sloping demand curve, the aggregate excess demand function only intersects the axis at one point, namely, at the point where the supply and demand curves intersect. The shows that the standard model cannot be rigorously derived in general from. The model of prices being determined by supply and demand assumes. But: 'economists have no adequate model of how individuals and firms adjust prices in a competitive model.

If all participants are price-takers by definition, then the actor who adjusts prices to eliminate excess demand is not specified'. Goodwin, Nelson, Ackerman, and Weisskopf write: 'If we mistakenly confuse, then we might be misled into thinking that an explanation expressed in precise mathematical or graphical terms is somehow more rigorous or useful than one that takes into account particulars of history, institutions or business strategy. This is not the case. Therefore, it is important not to put too much confidence in the apparent precision of supply and demand graphs. Supply and demand analysis is a useful precisely formulated conceptual tool that clever people have devised to help us gain an abstract understanding of a complex world. It does not – nor should it be expected to – give us in addition an accurate and complete description of any particular real world market.'

Counter-criticisms [ ] Austrian School [ ] Austrian School economists have argued that capitalism can organise itself into a complex system without an external guidance or central planning mechanism. Friedrich Hayek considered the phenomenon of as underpinning capitalism. Prices serve as a signal as to the urgent and unfilled wants of people, and the opportunity to earn profits if successful, or absorb losses if resources are used poorly or left idle, gives entrepreneurs to use their and resources to satisfy those wants. Thus the activities of millions of people, each seeking his own interest, are coordinated. Ayn Rand [ ] The novelist and philosopher made positive moral defenses of laissez-faire capitalism, most notably in her 1957 novel, and in her 1966 collection of essays. She argued that capitalism should be supported on moral grounds, not just on the basis of practical benefits. Her ideas have had significant influence over conservative and supporters of capitalism, especially within the American.

Rand defined capitalism as 'a social system based on the recognition of individual rights, including property rights, in which all property is privately owned.' According to Rand, the role of government in a capitalist state has three broad categories of proper functions: First, the police 'to protect men from criminals'. Second, the armed services 'to protect men from foreign invaders'. Third, the law courts 'to settle disputes among men according to objective laws'.

Economic growth [ ]. Capitalism and the economy of the People's Republic of China Many theorists and policymakers in predominantly capitalist nations have emphasized capitalism's ability to promote economic growth, as measured by (GDP),.

This argument was central, for example, to Adam Smith's advocacy of letting a free market control production and price, and allocate resources. Many theorists have noted that this increase in global GDP over time coincides with the emergence of the modern world capitalist system. Between 1000 and 1820, the world economy grew sixfold, a faster rate than the population growth, so individuals enjoyed, on average, a 50% increase in income. Between 1820 and 1998, world economy grew 50-fold, a much faster rate than the population growth, so individuals enjoyed, on average, a 9-fold increase in income. In most capitalist economic regions such as Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the economy grew 19-fold per person, even though these countries already had a higher starting level, and in Japan, which was poor in 1820, the increase per person was 31-fold. In the there was an increase, but only 5-fold per person. Economic freedom [ ] In his book, asserts that the of capitalism is a requisite of.

He argues that the market mechanism is the only way of deciding what to produce and how to distribute the items without using coercion., and also promoted this view. Friedman claimed that centralized economic operations are always accompanied. In his view, transactions in a market economy are voluntary, and that the wide diversity that voluntary activity permits is a fundamental threat to repressive political leaders and greatly diminish their power to coerce. Kavyanjali Tamil Serial Online. Some of Friedman's views were shared by, who believed that capitalism is vital for freedom to survive and thrive., an American think tank that conducts international research on, and advocates for, democracy, political freedom, and human rights, has argued 'there is a high and statistically significant correlation between the level of political freedom and economic freedom.' See also [ ]. • Bacher, Christian (2007)..

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Funded Research Projects Project: 'Design and Development of Computer Aided Diagnosis of Eye Diseases (Diabetic Retinopathy & Glaucoma) and Watermarking of Medical Images for Tele-Ophthalmology'. Funding Agency: Department of Science and Technology, Gov. Principal Investigator: M.K.Dutta Duration: 3 years. Period: Sep 2014 to Aug 2017. Value: 63.213 Lakhs. Project: Computation and Communication Efficient Attribute based Privacy Preserving Access Control Mechanism in Public Cloud. Funding Agency: Indo Russian Joint Research Proposal funded by Department of Science and Technology, Gov.

Of India and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia Principal Investigator: Dr. Manoj Kumar Shukla Duration: 2 Years Status: Sanctioned Value: 25.1 Lacs Funded by DST and Same amount from Russian Government.

Project: Innovative use of Phase change material for cooling Funding Agency: Ministry of Macro, small and Medium Enterprise, Government of India Principal Investigator: Dr. Basant Singh Sikarwar Value: Rs.5,10,450 Duration: 18 Months Period: Jan 2017 to July 2018 Value: Rs.5,10,450 Status: Sanctioned Project: 'Indian Sign Language to Spoken Language Translator using data from Wearable Multi-sensor Armbands' Funding Agency: Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), DST, Gov.

Of India Principal Investigator: Dr. Rinki Gupta Duration: 30 months Value: Rs. 25,81,350 Status: Ongoing Project: 'Biometric based unique key generation for authentic digital watermarking' Funding Agency: Department of Science and Technology, Gov. Principal Investigator: M.K.Dutta Duration: 2 years.

Period: Aug 2012 to July 2014. Value: 14.9 Lakhs. Project: Determination of 3-D coordinates in 2D frame using Laser by Image processing techniques. Funding Agency: Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) Principal Investigator: Prateek Sing Sengar Duration: 2 year.

Status: Sanctioned. Value: 10.5 Lakhs Project: Design and Development of Mask-less / Direct Printing PCB Prototyping Machine.

Funding Agency: Department of Science and Technology, Gov. Of India Principal Investigator: Ashish Mani Duration: 2 year. Period: May 2015 to April 2017 Value: 43.404 Lakhs. Project: Design and Development of Non Destructive Image Processing based Diagnostic tool for Identification of Toxic Substances from some Common Food Items. Funding Agency: TDT Division, Department of Science and Technology, Gov. Principal Investigator: M.K.Dutta Duration: 1.5 Years ( 1st Phase) Status: Sanction on May 2016, Value: 35 Lakhs Project: Dropwise Condensation of Vapor from Moist Air on Mesh-Like Surfaces. Funding Agency: Department of Science and Technology, Gov.

Principal Investigator: Dr. Basant Singh Sikarwar Duration: 3 Years Period: July 2016 to June 2020 Value: 49 Lakhs Status: Sanctioned Project: Energy Efficiency in Green Buildings using Geothermal Energy Pile for Cooling Funding Agency: Department of Science and Technology, Govt. Of India Principal Investigator: Dr. Rajni Saggu Duration: 3 Years Sanctioned: Sanctioned Value: 36 Lakhs. Student Inventors – List of patents Filed by Students.

Name of Student Inventor Year Title of the Patent 1 Joyjit Chatterjee (B.Tech ECE) 2017 User Friendly HelPen for assisting visually challenged 2 Pulkit Pandey & Arthav S Patial (B.Tech ECE) 2017 A sensor based wireless anti biting canine device 3 Pulkit Pandey &Arthav S Patial (B.Tech ECE) 2017 Mobile and Remote Locator 4 Varsha Singh M. Some Innovative Works A team of Mechanical Engineering students lead by Vikrant Sharma designed a Formula-1 car named Amity Motorsport and participated in Formula Bharat 2016 engineering design competition which took place at Buddha International Circuit, Greater Noida. Ten students of ASET designed and developed an energy efficient hybrid - human powered - three wheeled – electric vehicle – Efficycle. The ergonomically designed vehicle was aerodynamic, highly engineered and safe A creative work – by OjusTyagi, Vidit Gaur and Mizaan Jafri of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A system designed and fabricated according to the standards set by Indian Society of New Era Engineers Go kart Design Challenge. A futuristic work demostrated by Mohit Sagar, Ujjwal Srivastva and Krishna of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A system designed and fabricated to inflate tyre while running of the vehicle.

Mohammad Nayad, Ayush Sarraf and Muheet Tariq of B. – MAE (ASE) proposed a platform to fabricate material handling as well as to facilitate permanent machine mounting on it. Abhay Sharma, a B.Tech Mechanical Engineering student developed an ingenious device, ANIDERS 'Animal Intrusion Detection and Repellent System' which will ameliorate the lives of farmers by protecting their crops from wild animals without causing any harm to them Team Leader Nikit Gupta of B.Tech Mechanical along with his team engineered a Go-Kart type vehicle with a Scooter 125 cc and participated in Formula kart deign challenge held in Bangalore. Team Leader Aditya Pratap Singh of B.Tech Mechanical and his team fabricated All-Terrain Vehicle and participated in this event held at Pithampur Indore. One of the team members has been placed in Mahindra and Mahindra through this event participation and performance. An innovative project by Shubham Pandey, Deepak Ojha, Rajesh Roushan and Mukesh Bagadwal of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. It is a device for water harvesting via dewing.

A simple, low cost and eco-friendly method of obtaining portable water from moist air. A mathematical model by Ms. Vishakha Baghel.

The model is a dropwise condensation on wettability graded surface. This is developed to know parametric effects on drop mode of condensation rate. Mudit Jain of B.

– CE (ASE) worked on the use of urine to accelerate the composting of the bio-degradable material present in our surroundings. Sudhanshu Kumar, Ali Asjad Khan, Deepjyoti Adhikary, Rishabh Anand and Piyush Saini of B.

E &I designed a Load carrying robot for lifting heavy loads. This robot is capable of carrying loads three time its own weight. Asa Singh, Pratik Mishra and Arjun Arora of B. Mechanical Engineering designed a Myoelectric Prosthetic Arm for the purpose of mimicking the appearance and functions of a missing arm of a human being. Himanshu Nagdev and Dheeraj Singh of B. Electronics & Communication Engineering developed an IOT liquid food dispenser system for pets and other animals. The prime focus of the device is on monitoring the level of liquid food.

The system designed is eco friendly as it disposes the waste water which can be used in watering a plant. Deepanshu Tyagi and Ravi Sahani of B. Electronics & Communication Engineering designed an automatic pet feeder. This device keeps the owner informed about the quantity of food being served per day. It also keeps the food fresh for upto 12 hours as the food is stored in air-tight container. An excellent project by Virender Maurya, Mohammad Ahsan Rashid, Sharad Chandra and Ashutosh Bagwadi of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering.

A brake assembly for Formula Student India (FSI) for gathering the information about the force distribution in Assembly of Master Cylinder, Disc Brakes and Pedal Assembly. Work for a cause - A project by Aklavya, Shanky, Ishaan and Gaurav Singh of B. Tech Mechanical Engineering. A transportation vehicle designed for physically disabled persons especially with crippled legs for easy mobility.

An innovative idea - A project by Anmol Arora, Deeksha Sharma, Jaskaran Singh Khinda and Shahzed Anwar of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. They designed a mono wheel vehicle that allows the input shaft to maintain constant velocity.

Abhishek Singh and Arjun Chopra of B. ECE made a device which is useful in detection of any unwanted object. Ultrasonic Radar with camera is used to click images at the time of object detection and those images can be transferred to the desired e mail address via laptop or computer at a regular time interval.

Vishal Sharma and Himanshu Singh of B. ECE designed a wireless powered wheel chair using tongue that will help the people with serve disability with effective access and environment control. It translates users intention into control command by detecting and classifying the users voluntary tongue. An innovative work by Nikit Gupta of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. It is a device for designing and fabricating innovative room air conditioner based on passive cooling.

A revolutionary project by Rohit Kumar Singh, Akash Sanghi, Aman Kumar and Abhay Chauhan of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. It is a device to investigate the effect of EGR on performance and emissions in three cylinders which is typically used in agricultural farm machinery. An amazing outcome – A project by Shanu Sharma, M. Bhargav Chandra, Pappu Rohan, Rishabh Mittal, Jaskaran Singh Dhodi and Vaibhav Kabra of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A biodiesel testrig was designed and fabricated for testing the efficiency and effectiveness fuels such as JATROPHA, PONGAMIA and ETHANOL blended with diesel.

An outstanding project by Nitin Joshi, Bharat Taneja, Sajal Pandey and Agnivesh Kr. Singh of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A device designed for transferring of motion from one shaft to another shaft which may be coplanar and non-parallel or which are kept 90 degree apart using gearless transmission system. A useful creation by Deepak Kalra, Akash Soni, Gopesh Kaushik and Rahul Kora of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering.

A prototype of semi pneumatic flush system that helps save cost due to the minimized amount of flush water. A state-of-the-art project by Fazil Hafeez, Jomin Johnson, Anant Chaturvedi and Gokul Mohan of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A design of pneumatic piston car bumper based on the pneumatic control of the movable bumper. The bumper attenuates collision energy thereby decreasing the collision damage to the car and passengers.

A shaft-based try-cycle by Dhruv Dhir, Prerit Budhiraja, Abhishek Sadder and Abhinav Mahajan of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A project for specially abled humans. A novel project by Rupesh Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Mamoon Azam and Abhishek Raghav of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A machine that performs operations like grinding, cutting and drilling. Prashant Kumar, Aditya & Shubham Aggarwal of B.Tech – ECE designed a Cyber Tree Intelligent Pot. It is a controllable intelligent plant pot which expresses its behavior based on sensors implanted in it like humidity, light, and temperature sensor to detect the condition of plants by using smiley face. The same is displayed and transmitted to mobile phone using GSM module and watering can be controlled from mobile.

Sumit Anand of B. ME has developed a system capable of converting polymeric waste like, Low and High density Polyethylene (LDPE & HDPE) and Polystyrene (PS) into fuel. It is a low cost system that converts polymer to fuel in the presence of a suitable catalyst. A project developed by Nabarun Paul, Sushant Sardana and Kritarth Malhotra of B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering. In this work the flight time has been optimized by integrating solar panels and reducing the weight of the quadcopter. Gaurab Das, Hamid Nisar, Rishabh Kalyan and Prafful Bisht of B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering made efforts to reduce manpower and cost in safety and protection of power plant and substation.

The prototype has a quadcopter which has multiple sensors on board with an efficient camera module that transmits live video feeds and other data. Vasu Garg of B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering developed a dual axis solar energy tracker which can track the sun throughout the day to obtain the maximum efficiency.

Agneev Das, Rahul Prajapat and Sayantan Bhattacharya of B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering implemented a technology inspired from Batsthat in order to detect ultrasonic sounds that would help the blind. Jayesh Saini and Vaibhav Chaudhary of B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering propoed an automatic traffic control system where an ambulance and vehicle carrying explosives are detected and then the traffic is accordingly managed. Neel Chatterjee of B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering carried out a thermal analysis of GaAs Schottky Barrier Nanowire MOSFET of a device at different voltages. Divya Gupta of B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering developed a device for remotely controlling multiple fan appliances using infrared (IR) remote and/or sound signals. Ravitej Singh Rekhi of B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering developed a computer vision based robust automatic method for detection of Diabetic retinopathy. Parth Sharma, Jagriti Raizada and Faraz Ahmed Siddiqui of B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering developed an android application to analyze the patient’s health for proper diagnoses. The data will be transmitted through a Bluetooth module, to the application and on observing any abnormality the alarm will start buzzing.

Ashi Agarwal of B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering developed a Computer aided Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) detection system involving the classification of bright and red lesions from the fundus images of the eye. Arjun Kumar Singh, Devendra Yadav and Ashish of B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering developed a project that demonstrates the implementation of natural laws of swarming using basic networking technology. Rajat Verma and Dinesh of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering designed and fabricated a thermal energy storage device using phase change material which can store the thermal energy in the form of latent heat during day time and it can be used in the night.

Mohan Misra, B.Tech ECE student developed a non-invasive method for automated detection and diagnosis of cardiac diseases from body auscultations using a low cost DSP processor. The handheld device will help screen a large population in rural areas where there is a shortage of medical experts. An extraordinary work by Rashbir Singh of B.Tech. Information Technology. This project proposes the economically cheap implementation of Internet of things (IOT) for the visually impaired people using Arduino, SDK programming tools and sensors. A useful system proposed by Shweta Yadav of M.Tech.

Information Technology. This system can provide health care knowledge based on primary health care centres (PHC) on mobiles to rural India.

A project by Shivam Bhartwal of B.Tech. Information Technology. This work draws shortcomings with ‘Git’ as a version control system and propose a model to suggest improvement in architecture of Git. A highly innovative system developed by Shekhar Verma & Medha Mahrishi of B.Tech Computer Science & Engineering.

This project recognizes human actions in the videos based on their activities like walking, jogging, boxing etc. Thinking about the environment Devansh Chopra, Soorya M, Anubhi Kulshrestha, Ashish Sinha of B.Tech Computer Science & Engineering developed a new way to dispose the e-waste.

They aim to clean the e-waste by providing an interface to the people. They collect the waste from customer’s house and pay them for the same.

Air pollution is a big problem today. Raghav Mahendru from B.Tech Computer Science & Engineering developed an IoT based wireless sensor framework which monitors the quality of air at a particular location. Every minute, a lot of data is produced. However, Gaurav Sharma of Computer Science & Engineering figured out that there was a challenge to interpret visual data. This project aims at analyzing visual data in order to identify faces, emotions and objects. Parking is an issue faced by almost everyone.

Rahi Jain & Rahul Ravi Gupta of B.Tech Computer Science & Technology developed an innovative project for parking providers in which, whenever a car enters the parking space, the LED turns Red from Green. Green signifies vacant parking space and red signifies occupied parking space. An extremely helpful project for farmers developed by Snehdeep Anand & Mayank Jain of B.Tech Computer Science & Engineering. The project helps the farmers to optimize their cultivation & irrigation practices. This will help in increasing the crop production and will decrease crop destruction due to natural phenomenon like extreme cold. A project developed by Kunwardeep Singh Oberoi & Ankit Chaurasia of B.Tech Computer Science & Engineering.

A Home Monitoring System monitors doors and windows of your home and notify you of any new access of your property via a data feed. A highly impressive project developed by Prantik Sarkar. All the electrical LED lighting devices can be controlled and manipulated using smart phones.

The device is highly economical and will be very easy to use. An impressive work by Richu Goyal of B. Tech Mechanical Engineering. The device performs Numerical simulation of staggered grid heat exchanger for optimizing the energy. Shaunak, Shaumik and Kshitij of B.Tech ECE worked in this project of automated computer vision based method which is a diagnostic tool to detect and grade the severity of diabetic retinopathy.

The method tries to imitate the logic and medical judgement of ophthalmologists in detecting the abnormality and its location in the image for grading the severity of the disease. Rajat Kumar Oberoi, Nehal SK and Ajay Anand of B. ECE developed location aware walking stick for the visually disabled. It provides the user with navigation assistance, making use of voice to input the destination, using automatic GPS readings.

Asmita Gupta of B. ECE proposed an automated computer vision technique for efficient exudates segmentation from fundus images by strategically combining first order statistical parameters and local thresholding method with an average computation time of 9 seconds. An excellent project by Gandhrava Sati of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering.

A prototype designed and fabricated for digitization and automation of documents which may help the Indian IT industry in maintaining its growth momentum in the years to come. A system developed by Nikitha Wadhawan, Vidur Gupta and Yajur Thapar of B. Mechanical Engineering. The system uses a conveyor mechanism for continuous flow of the line products without hampering the production. Rishabh Madan of B.Tech – ECE developed a smoke detection sensor suitable for uniform environments based on image processing technique. The smoke alert thus generated could be sent to a mobile phone.

A great presentation by Bhupander Singh Danta, Indresh Chaudhary,Deepak Chaudhary and Ashish Kumar Chaudhary of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A device which lays emphasis on the effect of various types and techniques of metal coatings on the endurance limit of a specimen. Brilliant work by Vineet, Samyak Jain and Aman Sharma of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering. A steering system is designed to make it efficient enough to change the direction of the vehicle.

B.Tech (ECE ) Students Ms. Vandana Bhardwaj & Ms. Tanya Goel recorded surface electromyogram (sEMG) signal in the research laboratory in ECE, ASET and analyzed the signal in Matlab, to detect regions of hand activity.This was done under the guidance of Dr. The sEMG signal is recorded by placing surface sensors on the skin over the surface of the muscle to be monitored. Cables carry the EMG signal to the hardware setup, where the signal undergoes basic processing for noise reduction and normalization.

The processed signal is transmitted via Bluetooth to laptop, for saving the signal in a text file. The file is read in Matlab software and processed for activity detection. The performance of a novel parameter, mean instantaneous frequency is compared with conventional parameters for detection time intervals when hand activities, such as wrist flexion and wrist extension, are performed as compared to when hand is in rest position. Based on this research, a paper has been published in IEEE sponsored international conference. B.Tech ECE students Mr. Aman Pandey and Ms. Ritu Chandra under the supervision of M.K.Dutta had worked in an innovative project on Computer vision based automatic detection of red lesions in diabetic retinopathy from retinal images.

The following research paper based on this work has been accepted in an IEEE conference in Europe. Principal Investigator: M.K.Dutta Prof Raj Rangayanm Computer Vision Scientist in the area of Fundus Imaging, University of Calgary, Canada, at research lab with Dr. Dutta Prof (Dr.) Michael Smith, leads collaborations in parallel computing, security, visualization and mobile computing, Director of the Intel Academic Program, USA at research lab with Dr. Dutta Fundus Image Acquisition System, Processing System and Basic prototype of Proposed Technology Research Team demonstrating the developed Software for Retinal Disease Detection from Fundus Images Collaboration Resarch Work Research Topic: Automatic Diagnosis of Bone Diseases-Osteoporosis using Bone X-ray Images The objective of this work is unconventional automatic and efficient image processing based method for automatic diagnosis of osteoporosis using Bone X-ray Images. • Quality enhancement/pre-processing of X-ray Image. • Statistical and Texture feature analysis. • Most discriminatory feature selection for machine learning.

• Supervised classification for diagnosis of osteoporosis. Research Team: Anushikha Singh & Dr. Dutta.Amity University, Noida. Eric Lespessailles & Rachid Jennane Univ.

Orl.aspans, I3MTO Laboratory, EA 4708 and New Hospital of Orleans, 45067 Orl.aspans, France Machine learning Based Automated Diagnosis of Cardiac Diseases Using Heart Sounds Research Team: Mohan Mishra, Anitek bhattacharya, Dr. Dutta, Anushikha Singh The objective of this work is machine learning based automatic classification system based for diagnosis of cardiac diseases from heart sounds. Detailed Objectives are: • Pre-processing and framing of heart sounds.

• Feature analysis in spatial domain and frequency domain. • Most discriminatory feature selection for machine learning. • Machine learning for diagnosis of cardiac diseases. B.Tech Mechanical Engineering Students, Mr Sadanand Verma, Mr Bhaviya Sharma and Mr James Ahmed have developed the biofuel testing setup.

On this setup the performance characteristics of any fuel can be tested under different loading condition. The result of experimental investigation on biofuel testing setup shows that 15% ethanol diesel blend have similar performance to that of diesel and it can be recommended as fuel for future. Research Group Meetings & Seminars Organized by Research Groups of ASET During the Year 2015 -17 S. Date Research Group Name Research Seminar Topic Research Seminar Presented by 1 29.7.2015 Thermal & Energy Group Finding the Region of Origin of Blood-spatter in Complex Situations: Novel Physics-Based Methods and Tools Dr. Basant Singh Sikarwar 2 30.7.2015 Databases Research Group Delivery of Learning Knowledge Objects using Data Mining Techniques by Databases A.

Sai Sabitha 3 6.8.2015 Signal Processing Research Group Design and Development of an Automatic Microscope for Detection of Tuberculosis From Stained Sputum, Blood, and Urine Smears'. Dr Ayush Goel 4 6.8.2015 Signal Processing Research Group ' Case Based Retrieval in 3D Brain Tumour Volumes' Mr. ParthaSarathi Mangipudi 5 6.8.2015 Energy & Environmental Engineering Group Application of CFD in open channel flow, Comparative study of GIS and ANN in solar radiation analysis. Tomar 6 6.8.2015 Transportation & Traffic Engineering Group Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Naga Swetha,Ms. Ruchi Tah Tripathi,Ms. Avani Chopra 7 12.8.2015 Design Research Group New Technique to Reduce Harmful Gases in Catalytic Converter of Diesel Engine Dr R K Tyagi 8 13.8.2015 Software Engineering Reliability based software rating and assurance model Mr Rana Majumdar 9 14.8.2015 VLSI & Microelectronics Research Group.

'Modern Active Building Blocks and Their Applications in Analog Signal Generation' Dr. Mayank Srivastava 10 19.8.2015 Automobile Engineering Group Utilization of alternative fuels for I.C engine application Prof.

Vivek Kumar Gupta 11 19.8.2015 Automobile Engineering Group Producer gas based stationary power generation Mr. Vinayak Hemadri 12 19.8.2015 Automobile Engineering Group Modification on C I engine operated on B100 Mr. Prashant Gill 13 19.8.2015 Automobile Engineering Group Reduction in NOx emission by cooled EGR Mr. Jaspreet Hira 14 19.8.2015 Automobile Engineering Group Vehicle visibility study to increase safety Mr. Jatin Yadav 15 20.8.2015 Power System Group Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development and Future Energy Security: Research Prospects Dr. Sachin Mishra 16 20.8.2015 Structural Engineering Group Rehabilitation and Retrofitting of Structures Nilesh B.

Mishra 17 20.8.2015 Geotechnical Engineering Group Stability of the Slopes of River Banks: A Parametric Study Mr. Ashish Kashyap 18 20.8.2015 Robotics & Automation Research Group “Real-Time Condition Monitoring and Maintenance of Power Converters” Mr Neeraj Khera 19 26.8.2015 Robotics & Automation Research Group Review of research in automaton and intelligent manufacturing systems: current advances and future trends Mr.

R.K.Shukla 20 26.8.2015 Robotics & Automation Research Group Automation: From Digital to Physical World Mr. S.No Title Agency Name of Faculty 1 Design and development of e-perso machine E –Smart Systems Pvt. Vivek Kumar 2) Mr. Hemant Chouhan 2 Report on collapse of boundary wall at Ludhiana, Punjab K. Kohli Insurance Surveyors & Assessors Pvt. Bhattacharjee 3 Damage of A a boundary wall at Rajokari, Delhi K.

Kohli Insurance Surveyors & Assessors Pvt. Bhattacharjee 4 Report on Earthquake Damaged Buildings at two Locations in NCR, Delhi K. Kohli Insurance Surveyors & Assessors Pvt. Bhattacharjee 5 Fire Damage to Showroom building at Rothak, Haryana K. Kohli Insurance Surveyors & Assessors Pvt. Bhattacharjee 6 Design of a Culvert New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC), Delhi Prof.

Bhattacharjee 7 Consultancy for health Checkup & Remedial Measures of sheds & Supporting System at BRD A/F Tuglakabad, Delhi MES/Ministry of Defence Prof. S.No Name and Description Photograph 1 Digital storage oscilloscope A general purpose test equipment used for visual inspection of various signals, their Storage and analysis in digital format. Its highest capture rate exceeds 1000 times/sec with a USB host (Pen drive) & Device Interface. 2 Signal Generator A general purpose electronic test equipment used to generate different types of electrical signals like Sine, Triangular, Square over a wide range of frequencies.

It is pivotal in development, testing & analysis of almost every electronic based experiment. Modular instrumentation trainer Modular instrumentation trainer to provide in-depth knowledge about the sensors and instruments. Abs Stability Drift not more than? 0.005 Abs / hour after 1hr. Of warm up time Linearity Better than 1% Noise 4. Microwave Antenna Experimental Setup A complete training setup to provide hands on practical demonstration of working of a Microwave Antenna. It has a set of 15 Antennas like Horn, Slot, Helix, Dipole, Monopole, Aperture, Micro-Strip with a PLL Transmitter and Receiver.

It offers study of Gain, Beam Width, Element Current and front-back ratio for examining the effect of size, shape and pattern of antenna for microwave transmission and reception. Satellite Communication Link Setup A satellite communication platform that provides an in-depth study of the basic satellite communication system with selectable frequency conversion. It is capable of transmitting audio, video signal, digital data, PC data and function generator waveforms. It allows emulation of signal fading with added attributes like: variable thermal noise, propagation delay, path loss for C/N and S/N ratio measurement. Direct Reading Frequency Meter Displays the frequency of a periodic electrical signal. The frequency may be read directly on the calibrated scale. Measurement modes: Monochromatic and Bichromatic, Display-4X20 LCD dot matrix alphanumeric backlight display 7.

Spectrum analyzer It offers the ability to measure the spectral composition of RF or acoustic waveforms with reduced noise levels. It is pivotal in examining and measuring the power of known as well as unknown signals with a very low frequency discrimination of 100Hz. With a frequency range of 9 KHz to 1.5 GHz, it provides easier signal identification with Minimum Resolution Bandwidth (RBW) of 10 MHz 8. DSB/SSB AM Transmitter Experimental Set A comprehensive learning solution designed to study and provide conceptual understanding of DSB/SSB Amplitude modulation and transmission system through measurement of voltages and observation of waveforms at various test points.

DSB/SSB AM Receiver Experimental Setup It is a comprehensive learning solution designed to study basic operation of a super heterodyne receiver and DSB/SSB Amplitude demodulation system through measurement of voltages and observation of waveforms at various test points. Frequency Modulation & Demodulation Set A Lab training solution to study concept of frequency modulation & demodulation. FM modulation is implemented via two types of modulators: Varactor / reactance, and Demodulation via 5 types of demodulators: Detuned Resonant / Ratio / Quadrature / Foster - Seeley / Phase locked loop detector. It gives a visual display of the various waveforms involved in the process. TDM Pulse Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation Experiment Set A communication system where more than one input message signal is modulated using Pulse Amplitude Modulation and multiplexed using Time Division Multiplexing. The message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses and transmitted using TDM (i.e. In different time slots).

The multiplexed signal is de-multiplexed and demodulated to obtain the original input signal. This entire process can be visually analysed and tested at various test points. CDMA Experimental System CDMA experimental setup provides a basic understanding and practical teaching of Code Division Multiple Access and Spread Spectrum Communication. It gives an in-depth knowledge of various issues considered in the design of a DS-SS system like pseudorandom (PN) codes and digital modulations schemes, decoding, zero random bit signal generation etc.

GSM Experimental Set A GSM communication platform is a complete medium to demonstrate the transmission of voice and data calls as well as SMS (Short Message Service) in a GSM Network. To control the GSM modem there is an advanced set of AT commands for camping to real networks using SIM card. Optical Bench Consists of a long, rigid member with a linear scale applied to it.

Holders for light sources, lenses and screens are placed on the apparatus so that image formation can be observed. Half Shade Polarimeter Based on Biot's Law, the apparatus is useful for understanding the concept of polarization. With the help of half shade polarimeter, polarization can be studied as well as analyzed. Microwave Test Bench The Microwave Test Bench is a precision made microwave system, which uses standard type rectangular wave-guide components to illustrate the essential elements of microwave communication for its detailed study.

It assists the students to understand all the concepts of microwave transmission and the different components used for microwave communication along with their parameters. Dynamic Light Scattering Non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, 18. X Ray Diffractometer X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) allows one to ascertain the molecular structure of a crystalline material by diffracting x-rays through the sample. An XRD analyzer obtains interference patterns reflecting lattice structures by varying the angle of incidence of the X-Ray beam. Hydraulic Trainer Kit It can be used as a Live Demonstrator to show functioning of various hydraulic components and control circuits. Operating pressure is kept at 20 bar for safety of the students. The components / equipments are mounted on an ergonomically designed mobile metal trolley with drip tray.

Pneumatic Trainer Kit This trainer Very useful to study the Basic Level Pneumatics Kit Components like FRL, Pilot valve, cylinder etc. Students can makes Design and verifies the circuit?s pneumatic level operation using this kit 21. CNC Trainer Lathe Machine CNC controller with provision to connect to pc.

Repeatability +- 0.005 mm Center height 200mm Travel z axis 300 mm Travel x axis 150 mm 22. Pendulum impact testing machine Testing the impact of hard metals. Mechanical version, Capacity 30 kgm (300 joules), Least count 0.2 kgm, Designed for conducting izod and charpy test. Universal Testing Machine Test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. Accurate Scientific International, Unit:- 100 KN Test Speed:-0.5~1000mm/min (control by keyboard input) Test range:-400mm MAX Accuracy:-?0.5% or better Motor:-Servo Motor Power:- 1,220V/50HZ. Spring Testing Machine Spring Testing Machines is widely used for quick and accurate testing of compression & tension test of springs. Torsion Testing Machine Torsion Testing Machine is designed for conducting torsion and twist on various metal wires, tubes, sheet materials torque measurement is by pendulum dyanometer system.

Power Generation Trainer Facilitates easy and safe wiring by students. Measures V, I, PF(0.2 lag unity 0.2 lead), Hz Current specs for 3 ph. Meter = 5A (Balanced load) and 1A/5A for 1ph. Meter (170-250V) FWD/REV, 3 pole 3 way switch with center OFF, 6A/440V 27. Power Transmission Line Trainer Each panel has ABS molded plastic sturdy enclosure, and colorful screw less overlays showing circuits diagrams & its connection tag numbers for easy understanding and connection. Percentage Biased Differential Relay The Trainer need a few set of associated relay testing (current / voltage injection etc.

) panels (7-8 nos. Typically) which are mounted in a light weight sturdy aluminum profile flat demo panel system. Do not need any separate testing kit. Electrical Machine Trainers with DC Int.

Trunnion mounted DC Integrated machine is used as Dynamometer for loading other machines (Motors / generators both) with facility to measure shaft power using electronic torque / speed measurement. 1 phase AC integrated motor coupled to DC integrated motor setup (Motor-Generator setup), 3 Phase Salient pole alternator and DC Integrated. Electrical Machine Trainers with DC Int. AC Machine 3 phase AC integrated motor coupled to DC integrated motor setup (Motor-Generator setup) with 300W/4 pole/ 1500RPM motor. ECG/ Heart Rate Monitor Provides the in-depth study of Electrocardiogram, ECG standard leads configuration and the measurement of the heart-rate i.e.

Number of ECG pulses (heartbeats) per minute. Instrumental and significant in carrying out bio-medical engineering research based on ECG monitoring, processing and its applications. EMG Trainer with In-built EMG Simulator (Biomedical Engineering Application Toolkit) EMG Trainer set enables EMG signals observation by affixing pre-gelled Ag-AgCl surface electrodes at the surface to the body near a muscle of interest. Such EMG measurements are intended to obtain an indication of the amount of activity of a group of muscles, rather than of an individual muscle fibre. It also consists of built-in EMG Simulator to generate simulated EMG signals, which are used for further processing in bio-medical engineering research. QUBE-Servo The QUBE.asp-Servo is internationally used fully integrated control setup useful for understanding control and automation concepts.

The setup is relevant to understand real world applications of servomotors, from cruise control in automobiles to high-precision robotics manipulators used in industry. On this setup, students can learn how to: • use encoders to measure speed • obtain the system model using the bump test method • obtain the equations of motion of a DC motor-based rotary servo • develop a PD compensator to control the position of the rotary servo load shaft • find pendulum moment of inertia analytically and experimentally • design a PID-based controller to balance the pendulum in the upright position • use energy control, nonlinear control and hybrid control to swing up the pendulum 34. PROCESS CONTROL TRAINER (Model-XPO-PCT-FL) Process Control Trainer is a PC Based Digital PID Controller with online monitoring / data acquisition / PID software. Using this control setup, students can understand PID controller working and some advanced control schemes like Ratio Control, Feedforward Control, and Cascade Control being used in different process industries.

High Speed Camera Max. Resolution: 1280×1280, Sensor Mpx: 1.6Mpx, Max. FPS at Max Resolution: 1850 fps, Throughput: 3.2 Gpx/s, Sensor Size:12.8mmX12.8mm, Pixel Pitch: 10MicroMeter, Min Exposure: 1 microsec 50 mm Lens: AF Nikkor 50mm f/1.8D, Filter Attachment Size:52mm 105mm Lens: AF-S VR Micro- Nikkor 105mm f/2.8G IF-ED, Nano Crystal Coating.It is in the CFD Research Lab 36. Syringe Pump Types: Push/Pull Pump, Continuous Flow, High Pressure, Low Flow Rate Application: AerosolSpray, Bulk Fluid Injection, Drug Delivery, Cell Injection Number of Syringes: 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 Syringe Size:10 ml-10 ml, 10 ml-60 ml, 60 ml-100 ml, 100 ml-140 ml Features Digital, Portable, Advanced Precision.It is in the CFD Research Lab 37.

Data Acquisition System NI 9213 (16 -Channel TC, 24- bit C Series Module), NI 9940 (Strain Relief and High Voltages Connector Kit for the 36- Position Weidmuller Connector), cDAQ- 9174 (compact DAQ Chassis - 4 slot USB), Power Cord 250V, 10 Amp.It is in the CFD Research Lab 38. Micropipette in CFD Research Lab Range (10 to 100) Application: Blood Drop Formation, Blood Pattern Analysis, Dropwise Condensation etc. Non-Sparking Vacuum Pump in CFD Research LabSuit for R32, Non-Sparking Vacuum Pump to create Vacuum inside the cylinder or chamber 40.

Ultrasonic Atomizer Ultrasonic Atomizer in CFD Research Lab for Mist Formation 41. Digital Thermo Hygrometer is in CFD lab. Accuracy: Stated accuracy at 23°C ±5°C, 56.

CubeX 3D Printer 3 Axis 3D Printing device for prototype fabrication Material Support: ABS and PLA 57. Diesel Engine Test Rig It is installed in Automobile Lab Engine Research Facilities: (a) Diesel Engine test rig consist of 240pe 1 Cylinder, 4 Stroke, multi-fuel, VCR with open ECU. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Apparatus It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers are one of the most popular types of exchanger due to the flexibility the designer has to allow for a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Forced Convection Appratus It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.).

Parallel and Counter Current Flow in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. Double pipe heat exchangers are the simplest exchangers used in industries.

On one hand, these heat exchangers are cheap for both design and maintenance, making them a good choice for small industries 61. Emmisivity Measurement Appratus It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. Emissivity measurement is used to understand the ability to absorb, transmit, and emit infrared energy. It can have a value from 0 (shiny mirror) to 1.0 (blackbody). If a value of emissivity higher than the actual one is set, the output will read low, provid- ed that the target temperature is above the ambient one.

Drop and Film Condensation Appratus It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. Thermal conductivity is one of the important properties of the materials and its knowledge is required for analyzing heat conduction problems. Apparatus of Measuring Thermal Conductivity of It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. Thermal conductivity is one of the important properties of the materials and its knowledge is required for analyzing heat conduction problems. Composite Wall Setup It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab.

The Heat Transfer Through Composite Wall setup consists of a heater sandwiched between two sets of slabs. Three types of slabs are provided on either sides of heater, which forms a composite structure. A small hand press frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the slabs. Convection Measurement in a Vertical Tube It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. This facility is used for measuring of heat transfer coefficient in a vertical tube at various environmental condition. Radiation Measurement Device It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. It is used to measure the thermal radiation.

Solid Thermal Conductivity Measurement Device It is installed in Heat Mass Transfer lab. This device is used to measure the thermal conductivity of solid rod. Multi Point Fuel Injection Original Engine It is installed in Engine Research Lab. Multi point fuel injection system injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder’s intake valve, rather than at the central point within the intake manifold. EEG Trainer with In-built EEG Simulator (Biomedical Engineering Application Toolkit) EEG Trainer set is a means to observe waveforms generated at various point on human scalp with an in-built EEG Simulator that helps the user to understand different measurement points and their combinational waveform either in average recording mode or uni-polar recording mode. Such waveforms are further examined, processed and analysed for various research applications in the field of bio-medical engineering.

MiBEAT (Biomedical Engineering Application Toolkit) A biomedical engineering application toolkit which is a medical grade data acquisition system used to obtain diagnostic quality signals to learn, implement and modify concepts of Digital Signal Processing and use them for research purposes. It is a complete learning solution that provides an in-depth study of the bio-signals and its processing e.g. ECG using wavelets to extract Heart Rate Variability in Time Domain, Frequency Domain etc 71.

Satellite Navigation System (GPS) Setup Satellite Navigation System setup is an experimental setup that enables the user to acquire the skills of Global Positioning System technology through Satellite Position, GMT Time, Latitude, Longitude, Speed etc using GPS Platform and Protocol. It is a user-friendly learning platform that endows a basic understanding of the GPS Fundamentals, Satellites & Design Aspects of GPS Receiver by actually connecting to the Satellite via GPS Antenna. M.K.Dutta & Dr. K.M.Soni visited Rome, Italy in July 2013 to present research papers in International Conference 36th International Conference in Telecommunication and Signal Processing TSP-2013.

M.K.Dutta and Dr. K.M.Soni also Chaired a Technical Session in this very prestigious international conference.

It is a very popular conference in Europe with almost all European countries participating in it. K.M.Soni had co-authored 2 papers in this conference and Dr.

M.K.Dutta co-authored 7 papers in this conference. Scientific and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, (DST) had sponsored travel grants for this trip to Dr. Tripathy attended & chaired one session in PIERS (Progress in Electromagnetic Research) 2014 at Guangzhou, China during 25 - 28 August 2014. The conference PIERS 2014 was organized by The Electromagnetics Academy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. PIERS 2014 General Co-chairs were Prof. Selling He, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, Prof. Kazuya Kobayashi, Chuo University, Japan, Prof Raj Mitra, Pennsylvania State University, USA and Prof Ke Wu, University of Montreal, Canada.

Vikas Kumar delivered a talk on whole body vibration exposure in International Congress on Sound and Vibration, 10th -14th July, 2016, Athens, Greece.' He got financial assistance from Department of Science & Technology (DST), India for his travel to Europe. In the congress, a broad range of high-level technical papers from all over the world were presented. Distinguished plenary lectures presented recent developments in important topics of sound and vibration and included discussions about future trends. Pallav Gupta delivered an oral talk on the topic 'Tribo-evaluation of Iron Based Metal Matrix Nanocomposites for Heavy Duty Applications' in ' The 4th International Conference on the Advancement of Materials and Nanotechnology (ICAMN IV-2016)' organized by Centre for Nanomaterials Research, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, MALAYSIA from 09-11 November, 2016.. For this conference Dr. Pallav Gupta received travel grant from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India under Young Scientist category.

Rajni Saggu visited Chicago to present a research paper on 16 August 2016 in GeoChicago2016, an American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) conference held in Chicago, USA from 14 ' 18 August 2016.and also presented a research paper on 18 August 2016 in INDO-US bilateral workshop: Establishing Linkages between Geoenvironmental Practices and Sustainability held in Chicago, USA. 25 scientists from India and 25 Scientists from USA participated in the workshop to discuss the possibility of INDO-US collaborations. Banerjee attended URSI GASS 2014 held in Beijing, China during August 16-23, 2014. He co-chaired one session on Time Scale (session A03). 7 papers were presented in that session.

The session discussed the international scenario in time scale and also deliberated on the future directions that this activity would focus on. Banerjee is one of the very few Indians who represented India as chair/co-chair in URSI-GASS 2014. Banerjee had intensive discussion on the various issues related to commission A activities with the following scientist. Signorile, P.

Tripathy visited Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Gavle, Gavle, Sweden as visiting scientist from 1st May 2015 to 30th June 2015. He has worked on metamaterial antennas for wireless communication applications. This project was funded by University of Gavle, Sweden. This program was the part of the collaboration between Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India and University of Gavle, Sweden. He has also attended, organized and chaired a session in PIERS 2015 at Prague, Czech Republic, during 6-9 July 2015. He had 7 papers and these were presented in different sessions in PIERS 2015.

UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO EARN CREDIT POINTS BY DOING RESEARCH Independent Study & Research • Earn credits for research (in ECE, EEE, CSE, IT, CE, & MAE). • Involves working towards patents and papers. • Research driven & involving flexible study plan. • Become competitive for MS / PhD abroad. • Excellent opportunities in R&D companies. Independent Study & Research (ISR) Course - Open Research Problem Overview Independent Study and Research (ISR) course is a research driven course open to both UG and PG students. This Course will enable students to devise and execute a work by formulating a research problem under faculty guidance.

In this course, students are given a research problem on which they work for one semester and possibly results into a Research Paper, Patent or a Publication. The course will enable critical thinking abilities in problem solving. This process may include a literature survey, collection of data (if any), analysis and conclusion with results. The student will be required to present the body of work in an objective report and demonstration. Objectives During the course, the student will learn how to: • Develop a research proposal • Carry out a literature search and write a critical state-of-art review • Select suitable research methods and integrate them within a research methodology • Carry out the research processes • Analyze results critically • Write-up the body of work as a technical report. Expected Outcomes The ISR course provides an opportunity to pursue research in a topic within the broad area of the student's interest.

Undertaking the course will enable the student to: • Investigate in depth a problem of scientific relevance • Survey recent research in a chosen topic • Acquaint with research methods applicable to the topic • Organize and carry out an independent study • Develop writing and presentation skills for scientific communication In last 2 semester we had introduced this course to our UG and PG student. The outcomes of these courses were significant as 250 + Indexed research papers 15 + patents and new technologies evolved from this course. It was also found that student who took this course had published good Scientific papers which helped them to get R&D Jobs, MS and PhD admission with scholarship in Prestigious Universities. Also in recent past, we have experience of formulating research problems from some of our foreign collaborators in which students worked with significant success. Eventually joint-authored scientific papers were published from these efforts. In last one year we have worked in collaborative research which resulted into publication from Collaborators from USA, U.K., Canada, China, Spain, Taiwan, Australia, Russia, Germany, Czech republic, etc. With a good number of research publications which has fostered collaborative research!

Research Publication in Journal Year 2016: • Malay Kishore Dutta & Anushikha Singh “Unique Identification Code for Medical Fundus Images Using Blood Vessel Pattern for Tele-ophthalmology Applications” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Elsevier – Accepted for Publication. – DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb. 2016.07.011, October 2016 Volume 135, Pages 61–75, Thomson Reuter Impact Factor –897. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh & Sabari Ghosal, “An Imaging Technique for Acrylamide Identification in Potato Chips in Wavelet Domain” LWT- Food Science and Technology, Elsevier Publishers, 2016, pp. 987-998, DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.09.035.

Thomson Reuter Impact Factor – 2.416. • Malay Kishore Dutta, M. ParthaSarathi, Shaumik Ganguly, Shaunak Ganguly and Kshitij Srivastava, “An Efficient Image Processing Based Technique for Comprehensive Detection and Grading of Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy from Fundus Images” Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, Taylor & Francis Publishers, DOI: 103.20. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Namita Sengar, Narayan Kamble, Kaushik Banerjee, Navroj Minhas, Biplab Sarkar, “Image Processing Based Technique for Classification of Fish Quality after Cypermetherine Exposure” LWT Food Science and Technology, Elsevier Publishers, vol. 408-417, 2016. Thomson Reuter Impact Factor – 2.416. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Ashish Issac, Navroj Minhas & Biplab Sarkar, “An Image processing based method to assess fish quality and freshness” Journal of Food Engineering, Elsevier Publishers- 2016, DOI:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.12.018.

Thomson Reuter Impact Factor –771. • Anushikha Singh, Malay Kishore Dutta, M. ParthaSarathi, Vaclav Uher & Radim Burget, “Image Processing Based Automatic Diagnosis of Glaucoma using Wavelet Features of Segmented Optic Disc from Fundus Image” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Elsevier Publishers, February 2016 Volume 124, Pages 108–120, DOI: 1016/j.cmpb.2015.10.010. Thomson Reuter Impact Factor –1.897.Volume 124, February 2016, Pages 108–120. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh & Radim Burget, “Digital Ownership Tags Based on Biometric Features of Iris and Fingerprint for Content Protection and Ownership of Digital Images and Audio Signals” – Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer Verlag Publishers, DOI: 10.1007/s11042-015-2931-8, December 2016, Volume 75, Issue 23, pp 3, Thomson Reuter Impact Factor –346. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Namita Sengar, Navroj Minhas, Biplab Sarkar, Arnab Goon, Kaushik Banerjee, “Image Processing Based Technique for Classification of Grape Quality after Pesticide Exposure” LWT – Food Science and Technology, Elsevier Publishers. Volume 72, 1 October 2016, Pages 368-376, DOI: 1016/j.lwt.2016.05.002.

Thomson Reuter Impact Factor – 2.416. • ParthaSarathi, Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh and Carlos Travieso, “Blood Vessel Inpainting based Technique for Efficient Localization and Segmentation of Optic Disc in Digital Fundus Images”, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Volume 25, March 2016, Pages 108-117, Elsevier Publishers, DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2015.10.012. Thomson Reuter Impact Factor –1.419.

• Arashdeep Kaur, Malay Kishore Dutta, K.M.Soni and Nidhi Taneja, “Hiding Biometric features in an Audio Signal using Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalization” International. Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 2016 Vol.8, No.1, pp.63 – 81. DOI: • Garima Mehta, Malay Kishore Dutta & Pyung Soo Kim, “A Secure Encryption method for Biometric Templates based on Chaotic Theory” – Transactions on Computational Sciences Journal, Springer Verlag Publishers, 2016, Volume 9570 pp 120-140, DOI: 1007/978-3-662-50412-3_8. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh and Namrata Raghuvanshi, “Digital Tags from Multi Subject Biometric Features for Joint Ownership of Digital Data”, International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics. Inderscience Publishers, United Kingdom, 8, No.

4, 2016, pp- 366-391. • Abhilasha Singh, Malay Kishore Dutta, 'Wavelet Based Reversible Watermarking System for Integrity Control and Authentication in Tele-Ophthalmological Applications', International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, Inderscience Publishers, UK. 4, 2016, pp- 366-391.pp-392-411 • Lukas Povoda, Radim Burget, J. Dutta, “Optimization Methods in Emotion Recognition System” Radioengineering Journal, Czech Republic, 25, NO.

3, September 2016 Pages: 565-572. • Anushikha Singh, Malay Kishore Dutta, M.

ParthaSarathi, Vaclav Uher & Radim Burget, “Image Processing Based Automatic Diagnosis of Glaucoma using Wavelet Features of Segmented Optic Disc from Fundus Image” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Elsevier Publishers, 2015. DOI: 1016/j.cmpb.2015.10.010.

• Jan Masek, Radim Burget, Lukas Povoda, Malay Kishore Dutta, “ Multi–GPU Implementation of Machine Learning Algorithm using CUDA and OpenCL” International Journal of Advances in Telecommunications, Electrotechnics, Signals and Systems, International Science and Engineering Society Publishers, Czech Republic. 2 (2016) – Pages – 101-107. • Garima Mehta, Malay Kishore Dutta & Pyung Soo Kim, “An Efficient and Lossless Cryptosystem for Security in Tele ophthalmology Applications Using Chaotic Theory, International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC), IGI Global Publishers, USA, Volume 7 • Issue 4 • October-December 2016, Pages – 28 -47. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh & Sabari Ghosal, “An Efficient Computer Vision based technique for identification of Acrylamide in Potato Chips” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Elsevier Publishers, 2015, pp. 40-50, DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2015.10.007 • Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh & Sabari Ghosal, “An Imaging Technique for Acrylamide Identification in Potato Chips in Wavelet Domain” LWT- Food Science and Technology, Elsevier Publishers, 2015, pp. 987-998, DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.09.035. • Manisha Mathur, Jaynendra Kumar Rai and Nilakantan Sridhar, ‘Microwave Photonic Network for Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar’, International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, available on CJO2016.

2016 (Cambridge) (SCIE and Scopus Indexed) • Manisha Mathur, J. Rai and N Sridhar, ‘Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis of Projected Capacitive Touch Technology based Panel Computer for Military Application’, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 1689-1701, 2016. (Taylor and Francis) SCI and Scopus Indexed • Jaspal Khinda and Malay Ranjan Tripathy, “Multi Edged Wide-band Rectangular Microstrip Fractal Antenna Array for C and X-band Wireless Applications”, Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers (Accepted).2016. • Neeraj Khera, Shakeb A. Khan, Tariqul Islam, A.K.

Agarwala, “An Intelligent Technique for Condition Based Self-Maintenance of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors”, Journal of System Assurance Engg. & Management, Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2016, pp. • Gupta, Sindhu Hak, R. Singh, and S.

'An approach to implement PSO to optimize outage probability of coded cooperative communication with multiple relays.' Alexandria Engineering Journal, Elsevier, Vol.55.3 (2016): 2805-2810. • Shivani Yadav, Neha Malik, Ashutosh Gupta and Sachin Rajput, “ Low Power SRAM Designwith Reduced Read/Write Time” International Journal of Information and Computation Technology, vol 3, pp.

195-200, 2013. • Shivali Rajora, Sachin Kumar Rajput, “Hybrid Plasmonic waveguide Bio-Chemical Sensor for different Chemical Concentrations”, ‘Journal of Nano-electronics and Optoelectronics (JNO)’ vol. 136–139, 2017 –Accepted [Impact Factor - 0.675]. • Ashutosh Gupta, Sujata Pandey and J. Raheja, “Analysis of the Effect of Variation of Reference Channel on Neuronal Activity for Motor Imagery Electroencephalography Signal”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(45), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i45/106422, December 2016.

• Banerjee and Shruti Bansal, Revisit of Moving Average Technique for Smoothing GNSS Based Timing Data, MAPAN, J. Metrology Society of India ( Springer), accepted ( to be published in 2017) • M Partha Sarathi, M A Ansari, “Multimodal Retrieval Framework for Brain Volumes in 3D MR Volumes” Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, Springer Verlag Publishers, 2017. Thomson Reuter Impact Factor: 1.018 - Accepted (in Press) • Sunil Kumar, Priya Ranjan, R. Radhakrishnan and Malay Ranjan Tripathy, “Energy Aware Distributed Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network”, International Journal of Control and Automation, Vol.8, No.10, pp.421-430, 2015. (Scopus Indexed) • Pawan Kumar, Malay Ranjan Tripathy, HP Sinha, “Wideband CPW fed slotted microstrip antenna”, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 15, 1, pp. 114-119, 2015. (Scopus Indexed) Year 2015 • Manisha Mathur, J.

Rai and N Sridhar, ‘Design and Validation of Rugged Microwave Photonic Network for Phased Array Radar’, Fiber and Integrated Optics, 34:5-6, pp. 243-258, 2015. (Taylor and Francis) SCIE and Scopus Indexed. • Ashish Issac, M.

ParthaSarathi & Malay Kishore Dutta, “An Adaptive Threshold Based Image Processing Technique for Improved Glaucoma Detection & Classification” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Elsevier Publishers, Nov. 2015, 122(2):229-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2015.08.002.

• ParthaSarathi, Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh and Carlos Travieso, “Blood Vessel Inpainting based Technique for Efficient Localization and Segmentation of Optic Disc in Digital Fundus Images” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Elsevier Publishers, Accepted for Publication. DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2015.10.012. • Arashdeep Kaur, Malay Kishore Dutta, K.M.Soni and Nidhi Taneja, “Hiding Biometric features in an Audio Signal using Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalization” International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, Inderscience Publishers, September 2015, Accepted and in Press. • Malay Kishore Dutta, Namita Sengar, Biplab Sarkar, “Image Processing Based Technique for Classification of Fish Quality after Pesticide Exposure” LWT Food Science and Technology, Elsevier Publishers- Accepted for Publication. • Garima Mehta, Malay Kishore Dutta & Pyung Soo Kim, “A Secure Encryption method for Biometric Templates based on Chaotic Theory” – Transactions on Computational Sciences, Springer Verlag Publishers, Accepted for Publication. • M Partha Sarathi,A.

Ansari, “A Novel Method for Image Retrieval based on Visually Significant Feature Point Maps' International Journal of Computational Intelligence systems (IJCIS). Published by Taylor & Francis.

Volume 8, Issue 2, January,2015. • Ray, V., Goyal, A., “Automatic Left Ventricle Segmentation in Cardiac MRI Images Using A Membership Clustering and Heuristic Region-Based Pixel Classification Approach.” Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer-Verlag, 2015 (Accepted, in press). • Sikarwar, B.S., Roy, M.K., Ranjan, P., Goyal, A., “Automatic Pattern Recognition for Detection of Disease from Blood Drop Stain Obtained with Microfluidic Device.” Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer-Verlag, 2015 (Accepted, in press). • Goyal, A., Ray, V. “Belongingness Clustering and Region Labeling Based Pixel Classification for Automatic Left Ventricle Segmentation in Cardiac MRI Images.” Translational Biomedicine, Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2015. • Roy, M., Sikarwar, B.S., Prakash, R., Ranjan, P.

“Parametric Study of Ball and Socket Joint for Bio-Mimicking Exoskeleton.” 17th International Conference on Foot and Ankle Biomechanics (ICFAB), International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology (WASET), 2015 (Accepted, in press). • Sikarwar, B.S., Roy, M., Goyal, A., Ranjan, P. “Innovative Screening Tool Based on Physical Properties of Blood.” 17th International Conference on Biomechanics, Biophysics and Bioengineering (ICBBB), International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology (WASET), 2015 (Accepted, in press). • Roy, M.K., Goyal, A., Kumar, V. “Ecoflush-Wastewater Recycling and Rainwater Harvesting Toilet Flush System.” 1st International Conference on Advancements and Recent Innovations in Mechanical, Production, and Industrial Engineering (ARIMPIE 2015), ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue, 2015. • Preeti Singh and Sujata Pandey, “Work Function Engineered Charge Plasma Diodes for Enhanced performance,” accepted in Phys. Phys.: JPhysD-105965, October 2015 • Swina Narula and Sujata Pandey, “High Performance 14-Bit Pipelined RSD ADC,' accepted in Journal of Semiconductors (IOP Science) July 2015.

• Kshitij Chopra, Kritika Nigam and Sujata Pandey, “A method for energy harvesting using piezoelectric transducers,” in Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 727-728 (2015) pp 607-611 © (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.727-728.607, • Dinesh Prasad, Kuldeep Panwar, D. Bhaskar and Mayank Srivastava, “CDDITA-based voltage mode first order all-pass configuration” Circuits and Systems (USA), 6, no.11, pp.

252-256, 2015. • Mayank Srivastava, Dinesh Prasad and D. Bhaskar, “VDTA Based Electronically Tunable Purely Active Simulator Circuit for Realizing Floating Resistance” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review(Greece), vol.8, no.3, pp.

112-116, 2015. • Mayank Srivastava, Dinesh Prasad and D. Bhaskar, “New electronically tunable grounded inductor simulator employing single VDTA and one grounded capacitor” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (Malaysia) (Accepted for publication) • Pradeep Kumar and Ashutosh Gupta “Intelligent Multilevel Car Parking System Using RFID” International Journal of Simulation Systems, Science & Technology. • Vipul Batnagar, Sujata pandey and Pradeep Kumar “Analysis of SRAM bit cell topologies in submicron CMOS technology” International Journal of Simulation Systems, Science & Technology. Khan, Neeraj Khera, Tariqul Islam, A.K.

Agarwala “Real Time In-circuit Condition Monitoring of MOSFET in Power Converters,” Journal of Sensors and Transducers, Vol.186, Issue 3, 2015, pp. • Sachin Kumar Rajput, Anu Mehra, “Comparative Analysis of Current Differencing Buffer Amplifiers”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, pp 7124-7130, Sept, 2015.

Khan, Tariqul Islam, Neeraj Khera, A.K. Agarwala “An Intelligent Technique for Condition Based Self-Maintenance of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors”, International Journal of System Assurance Engg.

& Mgmt., Springer (Accepted for publication). • Pranalee P. Thorat, A.Chatterjee, Preeti Kandpal, M.P.Olaniya, A.K.Suri, A.Sen Gupta and Banerjee, Development of Automatic Intercomparison System for Generation of Time Scale Ensembling Several Atomic Clocks' International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering, 6, 106 ( 2015) Year 2014 • Malay Kishore Dutta, Anushikha Singh & K.M.Soni, “A Secure Algorithm for Biometric Based Digital Image Watermarking in DCT Domain” International Journal of Computer Vision and Robotics, Vol.4, No. 99-114, 2014, Inderscience Publishers, U.K. • Dinesh Prasad, Mayank Srivastava and D.

Bhaskar, “Transadmittance-type universal current-mode biquad filter using VDTAs,” ISRN ( Hindawi, USA), vol. 2014, Article id. 762845, 4 pages, 2014. • Mayank Srivastava, Dinesh Prasad and D. Bhaskar, “Voltage mode quadrature oscillator employing single VDTA and grounded capacitors” Contemporary Engineering Sciences, (Bulgaria), vol. 1501-1507, 2014 • Dinesh Prasad, R. Bhaskar and Mayank Srivastava, “New single VDCC-based explicit current-mode SRCO employing all grounded passive components” Electronics Journal (Banja Luka), vol.18, no.2, pp.

• Nakul Maini, Akul Sabharwal, Kshitij Sareen, Anindita Singh and Pradeep Kumar “A User Programmable Electro-Optic Device for Testing Laser Seekers” Defence Science Journal, Vol. 1, 88-92, January 2014. • Gayatri Gupta and Sujata Pandey, “Design and simulation of a Low Voltage, Low Power OTA based Filter for biomedical Signal Recognition,” in International Journal of Circuit and Architecture design, Inderscience, 2014 Vol.1, No.3, pp.269 – 280. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey,”Ring VCO Design with variable capacitance XNOR gate delay” IEI Springer Series B, 2014, DOI 10.1007/s40031-014-0154-4 • Rajeev Sharma, Sujata Pandey and Shail Bala Jain, “Green's function approach for modeling of electrostatic effects in nanoscale fully depleted double-gate silicon-on-insulator metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors,” International Journal of Numerical modeling: Electronic networks, devices and fields(Wiley), DOI: 10.1002/jnm.1919, 27, pp.

173-184, 2014. • Anu Mehra, Aryam Bahukhandi, Arshdeep Kaur, Sunali Katyar, Siddharth Khajuria, Sachin Kumar Rajput, Nidhi Gaur “Novel Power Efficient 12T Full ADDER”, IJSSST V15 (ISSN 1473-8031 ). • Anu Mehra, Priyank Kularia, Aditya Sharma, Garima Batra, Achintya Rawat, Nidhi Gaur “Modified Booth Multiplier Architecture Using New (1,1,1) Adder”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (ISSN 1819-6608 ) • Jaiyisha Jain, Nidhi Gaur and Vivek Upadhayay, “Comparison and analysis of AD-Hoc routing protocols (proactive, reactive & hybrid)”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research (8 SPEC. 863-868, April 2014. Khan, Tariqul Islam, Neeraj Khera, A.K.

Agarwala “On-line Condition Monitoring and Maintenance of Power Electronic Converters”, Springer Journal of Electronic Testing, Vol. 30, Issue 6, 2014, pp.

IF: 0.52 (2014). • Neeru Agarwal 'Design of Noise Injector using Instrumentation amplifier for high efficiency sensor applications' has been published in journal, Romania ( Computer Science Series”, tome 12, fasc. 2014 (ISSN: 2065-7471) • Matsakis, P. Defraigne and P. Banerjee, Precise Time and Frequency Transfer', Radio Science Bulletin, No 351 (December 2014) pp 29-44.

Year 2013 • Dinesh Prasad, D. Bhaskar and Mayank Srivastava, ‘Universal current mode biquad filter using a VDTA’ Circuits and Systems (USA), vol. • Dinesh Prasad, Mayank Srivastava, D. Bhaskar ‘Electronically controllable fully uncoupled explicit current mode Quadrature oscillator using VDTAs and grounded capacitors’ Circuits and Systems (USA), 04, no. 169-172, 2013 • Dinesh Prasad, D. Bhaskar, Mayank Srivastava, “Universal voltage-mode biquad filter using voltage differencing transconductance amplifier” Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, vol.

864-868, 2013 • Nitin Sharma, Dr. Pradeep Kumar and Sunil Kumar “OPTIMIZING MARCH ALGORITHM FOR TESTING EMBEDDED MEMORY: A CASE STUDY” International Journal of Advance Research In Science And Engineering, IJARSE, ISSN-2319-8354(E), Vol. No.2, Issue No.6, pp. 120-126, 2013. • Jai Parkash and Pradeep Kumar “Current Mode High Q band-pass filter using plus type CCIIs and grounded capacitors only” Journal of Active and Passive Electronic Devices(U.S.A.) vol.8, number 4, pp. 319-331, 2013. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K.

Arya and Sujata Pandey, VCO Design with Variable Capacitance XOR Gate, The IUP Journal of Telecommunications, Vol. 2, May 2013, pp. • Dhiraj, J.L.Raheja, Vaishali Singh, Sreekanth, Ashutosh Gupta, “Design and Implementation of Floating Point based System for Pellet Size Distribution using Circular Hough Transform” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975– 8887), Volume 62– No.13, pp-9-15, January 2013. • Ashutosh Gupta and Betsy Thomas, “A NEW REVOLUTIONARY INFRARED LIFE DETECTION SYSTEM USING ATMEGA168”, International Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications (IJESA) Vol.2, No.3, pp-117-122, September 2012 (DOI: 10.5121/ijesa.2012.2313). • Jaynendra Kumar Rai, Ravi Prakash Tewari and Dinesh Chandra, ‘An Optimal Control Of Biped Robot For Human-Like Walking’, International Journal of Robotics and Automation, Vol. • Patrika Jayanti, Gagan Minocha,, Lala Bhaskar “Wide Band Fractal Antenna with Inset Feed on EBG GP” International Journal Of Advance Research In Science And Engineering IJARSE, Vol.

136-142, Issue No.5, May, 2013 • Pallavi Chaudhary, Dr.Vinod Shokeen, Bhupendra Singh “Design and Implementation of Image Compression Routine Using Enhanced SPIHT” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 5, May – 2013, pp. • Vandana Singh, Dr.Vinod Shokeen, Bhupendra Singh “Comparison Of Feature Extraction Algorithms For Gender Classification From Face Images” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 5, May – 2013, pp.

• Priyanka Bawa, Bhupendra Singh and Vinod Shokeen “ Enhancement in Leach Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 74– No. 21, July 2013, pp. Year 2012 • Rajiv Sharma, Sujata Pandey, Shail Bala Jain, “Performance analysis of quantum transport phenomenon in fully depleted double gate deca nanometer SOI MOSFET,” Journal of Electron Devices, Vol.

1334-1340, November, 2012. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K.

Arya and Sujata Pandey, ' A new low power single bit full adder design with 14 transistors using novel 3 transistor XOR gate,” International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, Vo.2(4) pp. 544 – 548, 2012.

• Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Digitally Controlled Oscillator with Novel Variable Capacitance NAND Gate” The IUP Journal of Telecommunications, Vol. 21-36, November 2012 • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey “Low power voltage controlled oscillator design with novel 3 transistor XNOR gates,” Journal of Semiconductors (IOP Science) Vol. 3, pp.35001-6, 2012. • Sweta Gaba, Iti Aggarwal, Sujata Pandey, “Design of efficient XETA using Verilog” in International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol.

2, Issue 6, pp. 1-5, June 2012. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Digital Controlled Oscillator Design with Novel 3 Transistors XOR Gate”, International journal of Smart Home, Vol. 6, No.1, pp, 1-10, 2012.

• Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Low power voltage controlled oscillator with substrate biasing,” International journal of Information and electronics engineering, Vol.2,pp.156-160, 2012 • Rajeev Sharma, Sujata Pandey and Shail Bala Jain, “Analytical modeling of drain current and RF performance for double-gate fully depleted nanoscale SOI MOSFETs, Journal of Semiconductors(IOP) Vol.33, No. 2, pp – 24001-8, Feb 2012. • Neeraj Khera, Sumit Balguvhar, “Design of microcontroller based wireless SCADA system for real time data”, International Journal of Advances in Electronics Engineering (ISSN 2278 - 215X),Vol.

2, April 2012 18-20. • Shashank Shekhar, Harshita Srivastava and Malay Kishore Dutta “An Efficient Adaptive Encryption Algorithm for Digital Images” International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering (IJCEE), Vol. 3, June 2012, pp.380-383, International Association of Computer Science & Information Technology Press. • Nidhi Gaur and B.B. Shabrinath, “Design and Implementation of Home Monitoring System Using RF Technology”, International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol 1, No. • Alok pandey, Bhupendra Singh, Manish Trikha, Neha Sharma “Characteristics Analysis of Optical OFDM System Using Optical Sensors” International Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol2, No1. ISSN: 2230-7848, Jan 2012, pp.

• Bondili Kohitha Bai, Bhupendra singh and vinod shokeen “Design and simulation of circularly polarized pentagonal-shaped microstrip patch antenna at RFID frequency 2.4 GHz” International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT), pp. 01–10, 2012, DOI: 10.5121/csit.2012.2101 • P, Bhupendra singh “ARM7 Based Advanced Four Quadrant Sun Tracking System on Wheels with Effective power Conservation” IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) ISSN: 2278-2834, ISBN: 2278-8735. Volume 4, Issue 1 (Nov. 2012), PP 26-31. Year 2011 • Jai Parkash and Pradeep Kumar “Voltage Mode Second Order Biquadratic Filters Using Single CCCII” International Journal of Electronics Engineering, 3 (2), pp. 257– 260, 2011. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K.

Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Single bit full adder design using 8 transistors with novel 3 transistor XNOR gate,” International journal of VLSI Design and Communication System, Vol.2, No.4, pp47-59, 2011. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Low power voltage controlled ring oscillator design with novel 3 transistor XNOR/XOR gates”, in Circuit and System, Vol. 2, No.3 pp 190-196, 2011. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K.

Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Digitally Controlled Oscillator design with Variable Capacitance XOR Gate,” in Journal of Semiconductors (IOP Science), Vol. 32, No.10, pp10500-7, October, 2011. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K.

Arya and Sujata Pandey, “An Energy-Efficient Full Adder Design Based on Energy Recovery Gates and Multiplexer Architecture” in IUP Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol.4, No.1, pp.21-30, January 2011. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Low power CMOS full adder design with body biasing approach,”Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems ISSN: 1807-1953, Vol. 6, No.1, March 2011. • Rajeev Sharma, Sujata Pandey and Shail Bala Jain, “Compact Modeling and Simulation of nanoscale Fully Depleted DG-SOI MOSFETS”,in Journal of Computational Electronics(Springer), 2011 J Comput Electron (2011) 10:201–209, DOI 10.1007/s10825-011-0348-9.

• K.Rai, R.P.Tewari, Shraddha Pandey and Dinesh Chandra, ‘Optimised Torque Trajectory for Humanoid Robot Based on Human Gait Data’, International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 171-184, 2011. • Neeraj Khera, B.B Shabarinath & Sumit Balguvhar, “Analysis of PID Controller for Second Order System Using NI Labview”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Vol.1, Issue 2, December 2011(ISSN 2250 – 2459), pp.22-25.

• Neeraj Khera, B.B Shabarinath & Sumit Balguvhar, “Embedded System For Multiplatform Communication Of Real Time Data Using Vx Works”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 1, Issue 2,December 2011(ISSN 2250 – 2459), pp.74-77. Year 2010 • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Level Shifter for Low Power Applications with Body Bias Technique,” International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology (IJEST), vol.2, no.6, pp. 297-305, Dec. ISSN: 2128-2839 (Online); 2141-2820(Print).

• Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya, Sujata Pandey and Timsi, “Low Power CMOS Digitally Controlled Oscillator,” in International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), vol.2, pp: 240-244, Aug. • Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya and Sujata Pandey, “Level Shifter Design for Low Power Applications,” in International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), 2(5), 124 – 132, 2010 • P. Vishwakarma, M.N.

Gupta and Sujata Pandey, “Fuzzy based Pixel wise Information Extraction for Face Recognition”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, No.1,pp.117-123, February, 2010. Vishwakarma, M.N. Gupta and Sujata Pandey, “An Illumination Invariant Accurate Face Recognition with Down Scaling of DCT Coefficients”, Journal of Computing and Information Technology - CIT Vol.18, No. 1, pp-53–67, 2010. • Bhupendra Singh, Sanjeev Agarwal and Tarun Varma “Hardware Implementation of Viterbi Decoder for Wireless Applications” International Journal of Computer Communication and Information System ( IJCCIS)– Vol2. ISSN: 0976–1349 July – Dec 2010, pp.

• Jyoti Singh, Bhupendra Singh and Y. Sriveni “A Convenient Way From Normalized Database To Denormalized Database” International Journal of Computer Communication and Information System ( IJCCIS)– Vol2. ISSN: 0976–1349 July – Dec 2010, pp.

• Jyoti Singh, Bhupendra Singh, Amit Chaudhary “Ubiquity of Mobile Computing In Wireless Networks” International Journal of Computer Communication and Information System ( IJCCIS)– Vol2. ISSN: 0976–1349 July – Dec 2010, pp. A320 Glass Cockpit Software Developer there.